--- title: II.J. Rights of Religious Minorities description: "Our global network of contributors to the [*AI & Human Rights Index*](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/) is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the [editorial…" url: "https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/ii-religious/" updated: "2025-10-27" category: • Introduction / II. Rights of Vulnerable Populations --- # II.J. Rights of Religious Minorities Our global network of contributors to the [*AI & Human Rights Index*](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/) is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the [editorial workflow](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/). Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you. --- [Insert statement of urgency and significance for why this right relates to AI.] # **Sectors** The contributors of the *AI & Human Rights Index* have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance this human right. - [ART: Arts and Culture](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/art) - [BUS: Business](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/bus) - [COM: Media and Communication](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/com) - [DEF: Defense and Military](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/def) - [EDU: Education and Research](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/edu) - [ENV: Environmental and Energy](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/env) - [FIN: Financial Services](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/fin) - [GOV: Government and Public Sector](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/gov) - [HLTH: Healthcare and Public Health](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/hlth) - [INTL: International Organizations and Relations](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/intl) - [LAW: Legal and Law Enforcement](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/law) - [REG: Regulatory and Oversight Bodies](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/reg) - [SOC: Social Services and Housing](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/soc) - [TECH: Technology](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/tech) - [TRAN: Transportation and Infrastructure](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/tran) - [WORK: Employment and Labor](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/work-employment-and-labor) # AI’s Potential Violations [Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could violate this human right.] # AI’s Potential Benefits [Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could advance this human right.] # Human Rights Instruments ## Universal Declaration of Human Rights(1948) G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ARES217-A-III-UDHR.pdf), U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III) (Dec. 10, 1948) Article 2 > Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, [Trust](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/trust/), non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 18 > Everyone has the right to [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to change his religion or belief, and [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/), either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. ## International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(1966) G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ARES2200-A-XXI-ICCPR.pdf)U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 16, 1966) Article 18 > 1. Everyone shall have the right to [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/), either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. > > > > 2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice. > > > > 3. [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public [Safety](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/safety/), order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. > > > > 4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions. Article 27 > In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language. [1.0 Research](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [2.0 Curate](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [3.0 Review](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [4.0 Revise](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [5.0 Published](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) **Last Updated:**  September 15, 2025 **Research Assistants:**  Aadith Muthukumar, Aarianna Aughtry **Contributors:**  Wandys M. Aquino, Aysha Fnu, Faith E. Mitchell, Leyna N. Nguyen, Sandra S. Tawadrous **Reviewer:**  To Be Determined **Editor:**  Dirk Brand **Subject:**  Human Right **Edition:**  Edition 1.0 Research **Recommended Citation:**  "II.J. Rights of Religious Minorities, Edition 1.0 Research." In *[AI & Human Rights Index](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index)*, edited by Nathan C. Walker, Dirk Brand, Caitlin Corrigan, Georgina Curto Rex, Alexander Kriebitz, John Maldonado, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, Tanya de Villiers-Botha, and Hisham Zawil. New York: All Tech is Human; Camden, NJ: AI Ethics Lab at Rutgers University, 2026. Accessed October 22, 2026. [https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/ii-religious/](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/ii-religious/).