--- title: VIII.C. Freedom of Opinion and Expression description: "Our global network of contributors to the [*AI & Human Rights Index*](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/) is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the [editorial…" url: "https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/viii-c-expression/" updated: "2025-10-17" category: "• Introduction / VIII. Human Agency & Expression" --- # VIII.C. Freedom of Opinion and Expression Our global network of contributors to the [*AI & Human Rights Index*](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/) is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the [editorial workflow](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/). Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you. --- [Insert statement of urgency and significance for why this right relates to AI.] # **Sectors** The contributors of the *AI & Human Rights Index* have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance this human right. - [ART: Arts and Culture](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/art/) - [COM: Media and Communication](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/com/) - [TECH: Technology and IT](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/tech/) # AI’s Potential Violations [Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could violate this human right.] # AI’s Potential Benefits [Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could advance this human right.] # Human Rights Instruments ## Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ARES217-A-III-UDHR.pdf), U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III) (Dec. 10, 1948) Article 19 > Everyone has the right to [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) of opinion and expression; this right includes [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. ## International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI),[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ARES2200-A-XXI-ICCPR.pdf), U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 16, 1966) Article 19 > 1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. > > > > 2. Everyone shall have the right to [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) of expression; this right shall include [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. > > > > 3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: > > > > (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; > > > > (b) For the protection of national [Security](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/security/) or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. ## Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) G.A. Res. 44/25, [Convention on the Rights of the Child](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ARES4425.pdf), U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/25 (Nov. 20, 1989) Article 13 > 1. The child shall have the right to [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) of expression; this right shall include [Freedom](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/freedom/) to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice. > > > > 2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: > > > > (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or > > > > (b) For the protection of national [Security](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/glossary/security/) or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. [1.0 Research](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [2.0 Curate](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [3.0 Review](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [4.0 Revise](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) [5.0 Published](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/editors-desk/) **Last Updated:**  October 17, 2025 **Research Assistants:**  Aarianna Aughtry, Amisha Rastogi **Contributor:**  To Be Determined **Reviewer:**  To Be Determined **Editor:**  Alexander Kriebitz **Subject:**  Human Right **Edition:**  Edition 1.0 Research **Recommended Citation:**  "VIII.C. Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Edition 1.0 Research." In *[AI & Human Rights Index](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index)*, edited by Nathan C. Walker, Dirk Brand, Caitlin Corrigan, Georgina Curto Rex, Alexander Kriebitz, John Maldonado, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, Tanya de Villiers-Botha, and Hisham Zawil. New York: All Tech is Human; Camden, NJ: AI Ethics Lab at Rutgers University, 2026. Accessed October 22, 2026. [https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/viii-c-expression/](https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/viii-c-expression/).