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Right to Peace: Generation 3

G3. Third Generation Rights (Collective or Solidarity Rights) These Third Generation Rights extend beyond the individual to focus on the collective rights of communities and societies. They often address global concerns and require international cooperation for their fulfillment. The emergence of third-generation rights in the 1970s and 1980s reflects the growing awareness of global issues such as development, environmental protection, and peace. These rights are particularly important to developing countries, which advocate for international solidarity in addressing these challenges. Examples include the right to development; right to a healthy environment; right to peace; and the right to humanitarian assistance.

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The human right to peace stems from the legal obligations of states and organizations to prevent conflict, promote peaceful relations, and ensure that all individuals can enjoy a secure and just international order where human rights are fully realized.

What is the relationship between this fundamental right and Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to software and hardware systems engineered by humans to accomplish complex tasks by operating within physical or digital environments. These systems possess the ability to perceive their surroundings by gathering data, interpret both structured and unstructured information, reason upon this processed data, and decide on optimal actions to achieve their assigned objectives. AI methodologies include symbolic reasoning and numerical model learning, enabling these systems to adapt their behavior based on feedback from their actions. AI systems range from simple, rule-based algorithms to complex neural networks capable of deep learning. Examples include voice assistants like Siri or Alexa, which understand and respond to voice commands, facilitating everyday tasks such as setting reminders or playing music. AI applications also extend to web-based interfaces like ChatGPT and software-based tools used for email routing or document search. Ethical considerations in AI encompass several key areas:

Transparency and Accountability: It's crucial for AI systems to be transparent in their decision-making processes. Users and stakeholders should understand how decisions are made, and there must be accountability for the outcomes, especially when they impact individuals or society significantly.
Fairness and Bias Mitigation: AI systems must be designed to avoid inheriting biases present in their training data or algorithms. This involves ensuring diverse and representative data sets and actively addressing any biases to prevent discriminatory outcomes.
Privacy Protection: Handling personal and sensitive data requires strict adherence to privacy rights and legal standards, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). AI technologies must respect and protect individual privacy.
Human-AI Interaction: Ethical AI should enhance human capabilities without supplanting human decision-making. The interaction between humans and AI systems should ensure that humans remain in control, particularly in critical areas like healthcare, law enforcement, and transportation.
Adaptability and Safety: AI systems must safely adapt to changes in their operating environments, minimizing risks to humans and infrastructure. This includes robust testing and validation to ensure reliability.
Societal Impact: The broader implications of AI on society, including potential effects on employment, privacy norms, and social interactions, require careful consideration. Responsible management is essential to ensure AI advancements lead to societal benefits without causing undue harm or inequality.
Environmental Impact: Developing and operating advanced AI systems can be resource-intensive. Ethical AI development should consider the environmental footprint, promoting sustainability and responsible use of resources.

Legally, AI is defined in various statutes. According to 15 U.S. Code § 9401, artificial intelligence is "a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments." Additionally, notes in 10 U.S. Code § 2358 describe AI systems as those capable of performing tasks under varying and unpredictable circumstances without significant human oversight, learning from experience, and improving performance when exposed to data sets. The evolution of AI continues rapidly, branching into specialized fields such as machine learning, deep learning, and exploring hybrid models like neuro-symbolic AI. This advancement underscores the necessity for ongoing dialogue and adaptation of AI governance and ethical frameworks to include new technologies and methodologies. In conclusion, Artificial Intelligence represents a dynamic field that intertwines technological innovation with ethical considerations. Responsible deployment of AI requires a multidisciplinary approach that ensures technical accuracy, ethical integrity, and societal welfare. Upholding principles like transparency, fairness, privacy, and accountability is essential to ensure that AI technologies serve humanity's best interests and uphold democratic values.

? How might AI be used to erode peace, what instruments are used to measure these harms, and which sectors are responsible for ensuring AI does not violate this right? Going beyond harm prevention, how might AI technologies promote and advance the human right to peace?

Sectors #

The editors of the AI & Human Rights Index have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance the human right to peace.

DEF: Defense and Military
The Defense and Military sector encompasses all national efforts related to the protection of a country's sovereignty. This includes its armed forces, defense strategies, and security policies. The DEF sector plays a crucial role in maintaining national security, deterring aggression, and responding to threats both domestically and internationally.
DEF-GSP: Government Surveillance Programs
Government Surveillance Programs involve government agencies monitoring and collecting data to enhance national security and public safety. These programs use various technologies, including AI, to detect and prevent criminal activities, terrorism, and other threats to society. The DEF-GSP sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in Government Surveillance Programs. This commitment is aimed at preventing abuses such as unlawful surveillance and violations of privacy rights. By adhering to legal frameworks and human rights standards, they must balance security objectives with the protection of individual freedoms, providing reassurance about the ethical use of AI in surveillance Examples include implementing AI systems that anonymize personal data to prevent profiling and discrimination while still identifying potential security threats. Establishing oversight committees to monitor AI surveillance tools, ensuring they comply with privacy laws and do not infringe upon civil liberties.
DEF-INTL: International Defense Bodies
International Defense Bodies are organizations formed by multiple nations to collaborate on defense and security matters, such as NATO or UN peacekeeping forces. They work collectively to address global security challenges and promote international stability. These bodies are responsible for ensuring that AI technologies used in multinational defense operations adhere to international humanitarian law and human rights treaties. They must prevent AI applications from escalating conflicts or causing unintended harm. Examples include, developing international agreements on the ethical use of AI in warfare to prohibit autonomous weapons that operate without meaningful human control. Sharing best practices and setting standards for AI deployment in defense to protect civilians and uphold human rights during joint operations.
DEF-MIL: Military Branches
Military Branches comprise the various parts of a nation's armed forces, including the army, navy, air force, and cyber units. They are responsible for defending their country against external threats and conducting military operations. Military sectors must ensure that AI integration into defense systems complies with the laws of armed conflict and respects human rights. They are accountable for preventing AI from facilitating unlawful targeting or disproportionate use of force. Examples include incorporating AI in decision-support systems that assist commanders while ensuring a human remains in control of critical combat decisions. Using AI for predictive maintenance of equipment to enhance safety without compromising the rights and safety of military personnel or civilians.
DEF-PDC: Private Defense Contractors
Private Defense Contractors are companies that provide military equipment, technology, and services to government defense agencies. They play a significant role in the research, development, and deployment of AI technologies for defense purposes. These contractors are accountable for creating AI systems that do not contribute to human rights abuses. They must adhere to ethical standards and legal regulations, ensuring their technologies are designed and used responsibly. Examples include implementing ethical design principles and conducting human rights impact assessments during the development of AI systems. Refusing to develop or sell AI technologies intended for mass surveillance or autonomous weaponry that could be used unlawfully.
DEF-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations
Peacekeeping Organizations operate under international mandates to help maintain or restore peace in conflict zones. They deploy military and civilian personnel to support ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist in political processes. These organizations are responsible for using AI to enhance their missions while upholding human rights standards. They must ensure AI aids in protecting vulnerable populations without infringing on their rights or exacerbating conflicts. Examples include utilizing AI-powered data analytics to predict conflict hotspots and allocate resources effectively, thereby preventing violence and safeguarding human lives. Deploying AI systems to monitor compliance with peace agreements while ensuring that data collection respects the privacy and consent of local communities.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to ensure security measures do not come at the expense of individual freedoms and dignity.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
EDU: Education and Research
The Education and Research sector encompasses institutions and organizations dedicated to teaching, learning, and scholarly investigation. This includes schools, universities, research institutes, and think tanks. The EDU sector plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge, fostering innovation, and shaping the minds of future generations.
EDU-INS: Educational Institutions
Educational Institutions include schools, colleges, and universities that provide formal education to students at various levels. They are responsible for delivering curricula, facilitating learning, and nurturing critical thinking skills. The EDU-INS sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically within educational settings. This commitment involves promoting equitable access to AI resources, protecting student data privacy, and preventing biases in AI-driven educational tools. By integrating ethical considerations into their use of AI, they can enhance learning outcomes while safeguarding students' rights. Examples include implementing AI-powered personalized learning platforms that adapt to individual student needs without compromising their privacy. Another example is using AI to detect and mitigate biases in educational materials, ensuring fair representation of diverse perspectives.
EDU-RES: Research Organizations
Research Organizations comprise universities, laboratories, and independent institutes engaged in scientific and scholarly research. They contribute to the advancement of knowledge across various fields, including AI and machine learning. These organizations are accountable for conducting AI research responsibly, adhering to ethical guidelines, and considering the societal implications of their work. They must ensure that their research does not contribute to human rights abuses and instead advances human welfare. Examples include conducting interdisciplinary research on AI ethics to inform policy and practice. Developing AI technologies that address social challenges, such as healthcare disparities or environmental sustainability, while ensuring that these technologies are accessible and do not exacerbate inequalities.
EDU-POL: Educational Policy Makers
Educational Policy Makers include government agencies, educational boards, and regulatory bodies that develop policies and standards for the education sector. They shape the educational landscape through legislation, funding, and oversight. They are accountable for creating policies that promote the ethical use of AI in education and research. This includes establishing guidelines for data privacy, equity in access to AI resources, and integration of AI ethics into curricula. Examples include drafting regulations that protect student data collected by AI tools, ensuring it is used appropriately and securely. Mandating the inclusion of AI ethics courses in educational programs to prepare students for responsible AI development and use.
EDU-TEC: Educational Technology Providers
Educational Technology Providers are companies and organizations that develop and supply technological tools and platforms for education. They create software, hardware, and AI applications that support teaching and learning processes. These providers are accountable for designing AI educational tools that are ethical, inclusive, and respect users' rights. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and ensure their products do not inadvertently harm or disadvantage any group. Examples include developing AI-driven learning apps that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles. Implementing robust data security measures to protect sensitive information collected through educational platforms.
EDU-FND: Educational Foundations and NGOs
Educational Foundations and NGOs are non-profit organizations focused on improving education systems and outcomes. They often support educational initiatives, fund research, and advocate for policy changes. They are accountable for promoting ethical AI practices in education through funding, advocacy, and program implementation. They can influence the sector by supporting projects that prioritize human rights and ethical considerations in AI. Examples include funding research on the impacts of AI in education to inform best practices. Advocating for policies that ensure equitable access to AI technologies in under-resourced schools, bridging the digital divide.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in education. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance learning while safeguarding the rights and dignity of all learners.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
GOV: Government and Public Sector
The Government and Public Sector encompasses all institutions and organizations that are part of the governmental framework at the local, regional, and national levels. This includes government agencies, civil registration services, economic planning bodies, public officials, public services, regulatory bodies, and government surveillance entities. The GOV sector is responsible for creating and implementing policies, providing public services, and upholding the rule of law. It plays a vital role in shaping society, promoting the welfare of citizens, and ensuring the effective functioning of the state.
GOV-AGY: Government Agencies
Government Agencies are administrative units of the government responsible for specific functions such as health, education, transportation, and environmental protection. They implement laws, deliver public services, and regulate various sectors. The GOV-AGY sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in public administration. This includes promoting transparency, protecting citizens' data, and preventing biases in AI systems that could lead to unfair treatment. By integrating ethical AI practices, government agencies can enhance service delivery while upholding human rights. Examples include using AI-powered chatbots to improve citizen access to information and services while ensuring data privacy and security. Implementing AI in processing applications or claims efficiently, without discriminating against any group based on race, gender, or socioeconomic status.
GOV-CRS: Civil Registration Services
Civil Registration Services are responsible for recording vital events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. They maintain official records essential for legal identity and access to services. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to manage and protect personal data. They must ensure that AI systems used in data processing do not compromise the privacy or security of individuals' sensitive information. Ethical AI use can improve accuracy and efficiency in maintaining civil records. Examples include employing AI to detect and correct errors in civil records, ensuring that individuals' legal identities are accurately reflected. Using AI to streamline the registration process, making it more accessible while safeguarding personal data against unauthorized access.
GOV-ECN: Economic Planning Bodies
Economic Planning Bodies are government entities that develop strategies for economic growth, resource allocation, and development policies. They analyze economic data to inform decision-making and promote national prosperity. The GOV-ECN sector is accountable for using AI in economic planning ethically. This involves ensuring that AI models do not perpetuate economic disparities or exclude marginalized communities from development benefits. By applying ethical AI, they can promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Examples include utilizing AI for economic forecasting to make informed policy decisions that benefit all segments of society. Implementing AI to assess the potential impact of economic policies on different demographics, thereby promoting equity and reducing inequality.
GOV-PPM: Public Officials
Public Officials include elected representatives and appointed officers who hold positions of authority within the government. They are responsible for making decisions, enacting laws, and overseeing the implementation of policies. Public officials are accountable for promoting the ethical use of AI in governance. They must ensure that AI technologies are used to enhance democratic processes, increase transparency, and protect citizens' rights. Their leadership is crucial in setting ethical standards and regulations for AI deployment. Examples include advocating for legislation that regulates AI use to prevent abuses such as mass surveillance or algorithmic discrimination. Using AI tools to engage with constituents more effectively, such as sentiment analysis on public feedback, while ensuring that such tools respect privacy and free speech rights.
GOV-PUB: Public Services
Public Services encompass various services provided by the government to its citizens, including healthcare, education, transportation, and public safety. These services aim to meet the needs of the public and improve quality of life. The GOV-PUB sector is accountable for integrating AI into public services ethically. This involves ensuring equitable access, preventing biases, and protecting user data. Ethical AI use can enhance service efficiency and effectiveness while respecting human rights. Examples include deploying AI in public healthcare systems to predict disease outbreaks and allocate resources efficiently, without compromising patient confidentiality. Using AI in public transportation to optimize routes and schedules, improving accessibility while safeguarding passenger data.
GOV-REG: Regulatory Bodies
Regulatory Bodies are government agencies tasked with overseeing specific industries or activities to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. They protect public interests by enforcing standards and addressing misconduct. These bodies are accountable for regulating the ethical use of AI across various sectors. They must develop guidelines and enforce compliance to prevent AI-related abuses, such as discrimination or privacy violations. Their role is critical in setting the framework for responsible AI deployment. Examples include establishing regulations that require transparency in AI algorithms used by companies, ensuring they do not discriminate against consumers. Monitoring and auditing AI systems to verify compliance with data protection laws and ethical standards.
GOV-SUR: Government Surveillance
Government Surveillance entities are responsible for monitoring activities for purposes such as national security, law enforcement, and public safety. They collect and analyze data to detect and prevent criminal activities and threats. The GOV-SUR sector is accountable for ensuring that AI used in surveillance respects human rights, including the rights to privacy and freedom of expression. They must balance security objectives with individual freedoms, adhering to legal frameworks and ethical standards. Examples include implementing AI-driven surveillance systems with strict oversight to prevent misuse and unauthorized access. Employing AI for specific, targeted investigations with appropriate warrants and legal processes, avoiding mass surveillance practices that infringe on citizens' rights.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights within government and public services. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance governance, protect citizens, and promote transparency and fairness in public administration.
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INTL: International Organizations and Relations
The International Organizations and Relations sector encompasses entities that operate across national borders to address global challenges, promote cooperation, and uphold international laws and standards. This includes international courts, diplomatic organizations, development agencies, governmental organizations, human rights organizations, humanitarian organizations, monitoring bodies, non-governmental organizations, peacekeeping organizations, and refugee organizations. The INTL sector plays a crucial role in fostering peace, advancing human rights, facilitating humanitarian aid, and promoting sustainable development worldwide.
INTL-CRT: International Courts
International Courts are judicial bodies that adjudicate disputes between states, individuals, and organizations under international law. Examples include the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). These courts are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in legal proceedings and judicial administration. This involves using AI to enhance efficiency and access to justice while safeguarding due process rights, preventing biases, and maintaining transparency. By integrating ethical AI practices, international courts can uphold justice and human rights more effectively. Examples include employing AI for case management systems that organize and prioritize cases efficiently without compromising the fairness of proceedings. Using AI-assisted legal research tools to aid judges and lawyers in accessing relevant international laws and precedents, ensuring comprehensive and unbiased consideration of legal matters.
INTL-DIP: Diplomatic Organizations
Diplomatic Organizations consist of foreign affairs ministries, embassies, and diplomatic missions that manage international relations on behalf of states. They negotiate treaties, represent national interests, and foster cooperation between countries. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in diplomacy. This includes respecting privacy in communications, preventing misinformation, and promoting transparency. Ethical AI can enhance diplomatic efforts by providing data-driven insights while maintaining trust and respecting international norms. Examples include utilizing AI for language translation services to improve communication between diplomats of different nations, ensuring accuracy and cultural sensitivity. Implementing AI analytics to monitor global trends and inform foreign policy decisions without infringing on the sovereignty or rights of other nations.
INTL-DEV: Development Agencies
Development Agencies are organizations dedicated to promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving living standards in developing countries. This includes entities like the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank. They are accountable for using AI ethically to advance sustainable development goals. This involves ensuring that AI initiatives do not exacerbate inequalities or infringe on local communities' rights. By adopting ethical AI, development agencies can enhance the effectiveness of their programs while promoting inclusive growth. Examples include deploying AI to analyze economic data and identify areas in need of investment, ensuring that interventions benefit marginalized populations. Using AI in agriculture to improve crop yields for smallholder farmers while safeguarding their land rights and traditional practices.
INTL-GOV: Governmental Organizations
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) are entities formed by treaties between governments to work on common interests. Examples include the United Nations (UN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These organizations are accountable for setting ethical standards for AI use globally and ensuring that their own use of AI aligns with human rights principles. They must promote cooperation in regulating AI technologies and preventing their misuse. Examples include developing international guidelines for AI ethics that member states can adopt, fostering a coordinated approach to AI governance. Implementing AI in health surveillance to track disease outbreaks globally, ensuring data privacy and equitable access to healthcare resources.
INTL-HRN: Human Rights Organizations
Human Rights Organizations work to protect and promote human rights as defined by international law. They monitor violations, advocate for victims, and promote awareness of human rights issues. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance their advocacy and monitoring efforts. This includes protecting the privacy of vulnerable individuals, preventing biases in data analysis, and ensuring transparency. Examples include using AI to analyze large volumes of data from social media and reports to identify potential human rights abuses while anonymizing data to protect identities. Employing AI translation tools to make human rights documents accessible in multiple languages, promoting global awareness.
INTL-HUM: Humanitarian Organizations
Humanitarian Organizations provide aid and relief during emergencies and crises, such as natural disasters, conflicts, and epidemics. Examples include the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). They are accountable for using AI ethically to deliver aid effectively while respecting the dignity and rights of affected populations. This involves ensuring that AI does not infringe on privacy or exacerbate vulnerabilities. Examples include using AI to optimize logistics for delivering humanitarian aid, ensuring timely assistance without collecting unnecessary personal data. Implementing AI in needs assessments to identify the most vulnerable populations while obtaining informed consent and protecting sensitive information.
INTL-MON: Monitoring Bodies
Monitoring Bodies are organizations that observe and report on compliance with international agreements, such as human rights treaties or ceasefire agreements. They provide accountability and transparency in international affairs. These bodies are accountable for using AI ethically in monitoring activities. This includes ensuring accuracy, preventing biases, and respecting the rights of those being monitored. Ethical AI use can enhance their ability to detect violations without infringing on individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to analyze satellite imagery for signs of conflict escalation or human rights abuses while ensuring data is used responsibly. Using AI to process large datasets from various sources to monitor compliance with environmental agreements, promoting transparency.
INTL-NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operate independently of governments to address social, environmental, and humanitarian issues. They advocate for policy changes, provide services, and raise public awareness. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in their programs and advocacy efforts. This involves protecting data privacy, preventing algorithmic biases, and promoting inclusivity. Ethical AI can amplify their impact while respecting the rights of those they serve. Examples include using AI to analyze environmental data for conservation efforts without infringing on indigenous peoples' land rights. Implementing AI-powered platforms to engage with supporters and the public, ensuring accessibility and preventing misinformation.
INTL-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations
Peacekeeping Organizations operate under international mandates to help maintain or restore peace in conflict zones. They deploy military and civilian personnel to support ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist in political processes. They are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance peacekeeping missions while upholding human rights standards. This includes ensuring AI aids in protecting vulnerable populations without exacerbating conflicts or infringing on rights. Examples include utilizing AI-powered data analytics to predict conflict hotspots and allocate resources effectively, thereby preventing violence. Deploying AI systems for monitoring compliance with peace agreements while ensuring that data collection respects the privacy and consent of local communities.
INTL-REF: Refugee Organizations
Refugee Organizations work to protect and support refugees and displaced persons worldwide. Examples include the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and various NGOs dedicated to refugee assistance. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to improve the lives of refugees while safeguarding their rights. This involves protecting sensitive personal data, preventing discrimination, and ensuring equitable access to services. Examples include employing AI to manage refugee registration efficiently while ensuring data security and consent. Using AI translation tools to facilitate communication between refugees and service providers, enhancing access to essential services without language barriers.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights on a global scale. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to foster international cooperation, uphold justice, promote peace, and support vulnerable populations while respecting the rights and dignity of all individuals.
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LAW: Legal and Law Enforcement
The Legal and Law Enforcement sector encompasses institutions and organizations responsible for upholding the law, ensuring justice, and maintaining public safety. This includes correctional facilities, law enforcement agencies, government surveillance programs, immigration and border control, judicial systems, legal tech companies, and private security firms. The LAW sector plays a critical role in protecting citizens' rights, enforcing laws, administering justice, and preserving social order.
LAW-COR: Correctional Facilities
Correctional Facilities include prisons, jails, and rehabilitation centers where individuals convicted of crimes serve their sentences. They aim to protect society, punish wrongdoing, and rehabilitate offenders for reintegration into the community. These facilities are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically to improve safety, rehabilitation, and operational efficiency without violating inmates' rights. This involves respecting privacy, preventing discriminatory practices, and promoting humane treatment. Ethical AI use can enhance rehabilitation efforts and support inmates' rights. Examples include using AI to assess inmates' needs and tailor rehabilitation programs accordingly, ensuring fair opportunities for all individuals. Implementing AI-powered monitoring systems to prevent violence or self-harm, while ensuring that surveillance respects privacy and is not overly intrusive.
LAW-ENF: Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement agencies include police departments, federal investigative bodies, and other entities responsible for enforcing laws, preventing crime, and protecting citizens. They maintain public order and safety through various means, including patrols, investigations, and community engagement. The LAW-ENF sector is accountable for using AI ethically in policing activities. This includes preventing biases in AI systems used for predictive policing, facial recognition, or resource allocation. They must protect citizens' rights to privacy, due process, and equal treatment under the law. Examples include employing AI analytics to identify crime patterns and allocate resources effectively without targeting specific communities unfairly. Using AI-powered tools to assist in investigations while ensuring that data collection and analysis comply with legal standards and respect individual rights.
LAW-GSP: Government Surveillance Programs
Government Surveillance Programs involve monitoring and collecting data by government agencies to enhance national security and public safety. They use technologies, including AI, to detect and prevent criminal activities, terrorism, and other threats to society. This sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in surveillance programs. They must balance security objectives with the protection of individual freedoms, adhering to legal frameworks and human rights standards to prevent unlawful surveillance and violations of privacy rights. Examples include implementing AI systems that anonymize personal data to prevent profiling and discrimination while identifying potential security threats. Establishing oversight committees to monitor AI surveillance tools, ensuring compliance with privacy laws and civil liberties.
LAW-IMM: Immigration and Border Control
Immigration and Border Control agencies manage the movement of people across national borders. They enforce immigration laws, process visas and asylum applications, and protect against illegal entry and trafficking. These agencies are accountable for using AI ethically to facilitate lawful immigration and enhance border security while respecting human rights. This includes preventing discriminatory practices, ensuring fair treatment of all individuals, and protecting sensitive personal information. Examples include using AI to streamline visa application processes, making them more efficient and accessible while safeguarding applicants' data. Implementing AI systems for risk assessment at borders that are free from biases and do not discriminate based on nationality, ethnicity, or religion.
LAW-JUD: Judicial Systems
Judicial Systems comprise courts and related institutions responsible for interpreting laws, adjudicating disputes, and administering justice. They ensure that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and follow due process. The LAW-JUD sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in judicial processes. This involves using AI to enhance efficiency and access to justice while preventing biases in decision-making algorithms. They must maintain transparency and uphold the principles of fairness and equality before the law. Examples include employing AI for case management to reduce backlogs and expedite proceedings without compromising the quality of justice. Using AI tools to assist in legal research, providing judges and lawyers with comprehensive information while ensuring that recommendations do not introduce bias into judgments.
LAW-LTC: Legal Tech Companies
Legal Tech Companies develop technology solutions for the legal industry, including software for case management, document automation, legal research, and AI-powered analytics. These companies are accountable for designing AI tools that support the legal profession ethically. They must ensure that their products do not perpetuate biases, compromise client confidentiality, or undermine the integrity of legal processes. Examples include creating AI-driven legal research platforms that provide unbiased and comprehensive results, aiding lawyers in building fair cases. Developing AI tools for contract analysis that protect sensitive information and adhere to data privacy regulations.
LAW-SEC: Private Security Firms
Private Security Firms offer security services to individuals, businesses, and organizations. Their services include guarding property, personal protection, surveillance, and risk assessment. The LAW-SEC sector is accountable for using AI ethically to enhance security services without infringing on individuals' rights. This involves respecting privacy, avoiding discriminatory practices, and ensuring transparency in surveillance activities. Examples include implementing AI-powered surveillance systems that detect potential security threats while anonymizing data to protect privacy. Using AI for access control systems that verify identities without storing excessive personal information or discriminating against certain groups.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights within legal and law enforcement contexts. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to uphold justice, protect citizens, and ensure that the enforcement of laws does not come at the expense of individual freedoms and dignity.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
REG: Regulatory and Oversight Bodies
The Regulatory and Oversight Bodies sector encompasses organizations responsible for creating, implementing, and enforcing regulations, as well as monitoring compliance across various industries. This includes regulatory agencies, data protection authorities, ethics committees, oversight bodies, and other regulatory entities. The REG sector plays a critical role in ensuring that laws and standards are upheld, protecting public interests, promoting fair practices, and safeguarding human rights in the context of technological advancements like artificial intelligence (AI).
REG-AGY: Regulatory Agencies
Regulatory Agencies are government-appointed bodies tasked with creating and enforcing rules and regulations within specific industries or sectors. They oversee compliance with laws, issue licenses, conduct inspections, and take enforcement actions when necessary. These agencies are accountable for ensuring that AI technologies within their jurisdictions are developed and used ethically and responsibly. This involves setting standards for AI deployment, preventing abuses, and promoting practices that advance human rights. By regulating AI effectively, they help prevent harm and foster public trust in technological innovations. Examples include establishing guidelines for AI transparency and accountability in industries like finance or healthcare, ensuring that AI systems do not discriminate or violate privacy rights. Enforcing regulations that require companies to conduct human rights impact assessments before deploying AI technologies.
REG-DPA: Data Protection Authorities
Data Protection Authorities are specialized regulatory bodies responsible for overseeing the implementation of data protection laws and safeguarding individuals' personal information. They monitor compliance, handle complaints, and have the power to enforce penalties for violations. These authorities are accountable for ensuring that AI systems handling personal data comply with data protection principles such as lawfulness, fairness, transparency, and data minimization. They play a crucial role in preventing privacy infringements and promoting the ethical use of AI in processing personal information. Examples include reviewing and approving AI data processing activities to ensure they meet legal requirements. Investigating breaches involving AI systems and imposing sanctions on organizations that misuse personal data or fail to protect it adequately.
REG-ETH: Ethics Committees
Ethics Committees are groups of experts who evaluate the ethical implications of policies, research projects, or technological developments. They provide guidance, assess compliance with ethical standards, and make recommendations to ensure responsible conduct. These committees are accountable for scrutinizing AI initiatives to identify potential ethical issues, such as biases, unfair treatment, or risks to human dignity. By promoting ethical considerations in AI development and deployment, they help prevent human rights abuses and encourage technologies that benefit society. Examples include reviewing AI research proposals to ensure they respect participants' rights and obtain informed consent. Providing guidance on ethical AI practices for organizations, helping them integrate ethical principles into their AI strategies and operations.
REG-OVS: Oversight Bodies
Oversight Bodies are organizations or committees tasked with monitoring and evaluating the activities of institutions, agencies, or specific sectors to ensure accountability and compliance with laws and regulations. They may be independent or part of a governmental framework. These bodies are accountable for overseeing the use of AI across various domains, ensuring that organizations adhere to legal and ethical standards. They help detect and address potential abuses, promoting transparency and fostering public confidence in AI technologies. Examples include auditing government agencies' use of AI to verify compliance with human rights obligations and data protection laws. Recommending corrective actions or policy changes when AI applications are found to have negative impacts on individuals or communities.
REG-RBY: Regulatory Bodies
Regulatory Bodies are official organizations that establish and enforce rules within specific professional fields or industries. They set standards, issue certifications, and may discipline members who do not comply with established norms. These bodies are accountable for incorporating AI considerations into their regulatory frameworks, ensuring that professionals using AI adhere to ethical guidelines and best practices. They play a key role in preventing malpractice and promoting the responsible use of AI. Examples include a medical board setting standards for AI-assisted diagnostics, ensuring that healthcare providers use AI tools that are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. A legal bar association providing guidelines on AI use in legal practice to prevent biases and maintain client confidentiality.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, enforcement, and oversight of regulations and standards governing AI technologies. Through diligent regulation and monitoring, they ensure that AI is used to benefit society while safeguarding individual rights and upholding public trust.
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TECH: Technology and IT
The Technology and IT sector encompasses companies and organizations involved in the development, production, and maintenance of technology products and services. This includes technology companies, cybersecurity firms, digital platforms, educational technology companies, healthcare technology companies, legal tech companies, smart home device manufacturers, social media platforms, and telecommunications companies. The TECH sector plays a pivotal role in driving innovation, connecting people globally, and shaping how societies operate in the digital age.
TECH-COM: Technology Companies
Technology Companies are businesses that develop and sell technology products or services, such as software developers, hardware manufacturers, and IT service providers. They are at the forefront of technological advancements and influence various aspects of modern life. These companies are accountable for ensuring that AI is developed and deployed ethically, promoting transparency, fairness, and accountability. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and consider the societal impact of their technologies. By integrating ethical AI practices, they can foster trust and contribute positively to society. Examples include developing AI applications that respect user privacy by minimizing data collection and implementing strong security measures. Creating AI systems that are transparent and explainable, allowing users to understand how decisions are made and challenging them if necessary.
TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms
Cybersecurity Firms specialize in protecting computer systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, or damage. They offer services like threat detection, vulnerability assessments, and incident response. These firms are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance cybersecurity while respecting privacy and legal boundaries. They must ensure that AI tools do not infringe on users' rights or engage in unauthorized surveillance. Ethical AI use can strengthen defenses against cyber threats without compromising individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time, protecting organizations and users from harm while ensuring that monitoring activities comply with privacy laws. Providing AI-driven security solutions that help organizations safeguard data without accessing or misusing sensitive information.
TECH-DGP: Digital Platforms
Digital Platforms are online businesses that facilitate interactions between users, such as e-commerce sites, content sharing services, and marketplaces. They connect buyers and sellers, content creators and consumers, and enable various online activities. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically to manage content, personalize user experiences, and ensure safe interactions. This involves preventing algorithmic biases, protecting user data, and avoiding practices that could lead to discrimination or exploitation. Examples include using AI to recommend content or products in a way that promotes diversity and avoids reinforcing harmful stereotypes. Implementing AI moderation tools to detect and remove inappropriate or illegal content while respecting freedom of expression and avoiding censorship of legitimate speech.
TECH-EDU: Educational Technology Companies
Educational Technology Companies develop tools and platforms that support teaching and learning processes. They create software, applications, and devices used in educational settings, from K-12 schools to higher education and corporate training. These companies are accountable for designing AI-powered educational tools that are accessible, inclusive, and respect students' privacy. They must prevent biases that could disadvantage certain learners and ensure that data collected is used responsibly. Examples include creating AI-driven personalized learning systems that adapt to individual students' needs without compromising their privacy. Developing educational platforms that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles.
TECH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies
Healthcare Technology Companies focus on developing technological solutions for the healthcare industry. They innovate in areas like electronic health records, telemedicine, medical imaging, and AI-driven diagnostics. These companies are accountable for ensuring that their AI technologies are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. They must obtain necessary regulatory approvals, protect patient data, and prevent biases in AI models that could lead to misdiagnosis. Examples include developing AI algorithms for medical imaging analysis that are trained on diverse datasets to provide accurate results across different populations. Implementing telehealth platforms that securely handle patient information and comply with healthcare privacy regulations.
TECH-LTC: Legal Tech Companies
Legal Tech Companies provide technology solutions for legal professionals and organizations. They develop software for case management, document automation, legal research, and AI-powered analytics. These companies are accountable for creating AI tools that enhance the legal profession ethically. They must ensure their products do not perpetuate biases, maintain client confidentiality, and support the integrity of legal processes. Examples include offering AI-driven legal research platforms that provide unbiased results, helping lawyers build fair cases. Designing contract analysis tools that protect sensitive information and comply with data protection laws.
TECH-SHD: Smart Home Device Manufacturers
Smart Home Device Manufacturers produce internet-connected devices used in homes, such as smart thermostats, security systems, voice assistants, and appliances. These devices often utilize AI to provide enhanced functionality and user convenience. These manufacturers are accountable for ensuring that their devices respect user privacy, are secure from unauthorized access, and do not collect excessive personal data. They must be transparent about data usage and provide users with control over their information. Examples include designing smart devices that operate effectively without constantly transmitting data to external servers, minimizing privacy risks. Implementing robust security measures to protect devices from hacking or misuse.
TECH-SMP: Social Media Platforms
Social Media Platforms are online services that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking. They play a significant role in information dissemination, communication, and shaping public discourse. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically in content moderation, recommendation algorithms, and advertising. They must prevent the spread of misinformation, protect user data, and avoid algorithmic biases that could lead to echo chambers or discrimination. Examples include using AI to detect and remove harmful content such as hate speech or incitement to violence while respecting freedom of expression. Implementing transparent algorithms that provide diverse perspectives and prevent the reinforcement of biases.
TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies
Telecommunications Companies provide communication services such as telephone, internet, and data transmission. They build and maintain the infrastructure that enables connectivity and digital communication globally. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to manage networks, improve services, and protect user data. They must ensure that AI applications do not infringe on privacy rights or enable unlawful surveillance. Examples include employing AI to optimize network performance, enhancing service quality without accessing or exploiting user communications. Using AI-driven security measures to protect networks from cyber threats while respecting legal obligations regarding data privacy.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in the technology and IT domain. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to drive innovation while safeguarding individual rights, promoting fairness, and building public trust in technological advancements.
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- TECH-COM: Technology Companies
- TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms
- TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies

AI’s Potential Violations of the Human Right to Peace #

In this article, we will examine how AI can potentially violate the human right to peace. We’ll give special attention to embedding the ethical commitment of Nonmaleficence

Nonmaleficence, the principle of mitigating harm, complements the ethic of beneficence, the principle of doing good. Nonmaleficence, emphasizes the professional and moral obligation to avoid causing intentional or unintentional harm. It calls for safety, security, and risk management to ensure AI systems do not inflict foreseeable harm on individuals or society. Nonmaleficence aligns with harm-prevention measures like avoiding discrimination, protecting privacy, and preventing physical or psychological harm. It also addresses broader societal risks, such as loss of trust, erosion of skills, and adverse impacts on social well-being or infrastructure. Implementing nonmaleficence in AI requires both technical and governance strategies. Technically, approaches like privacy-by-design, security features, and robust data quality evaluations are critical to mitigating risks and preventing harmful outcomes. Governance strategies include oversight mechanisms such as audits, tests, and continuous monitoring by internal teams, independent third parties, or governmental entities. Collaborative efforts across disciplines and stakeholders are essential for establishing ethical standards, regulatory frameworks, and risk assessment protocols. Ethical guidelines often discourage harmful applications of AI, such as military use or cyberwarfare, emphasizing the need to safeguard AI against misuse. While nonmaleficence strives to prevent harm, it acknowledges that some risks are unavoidable. In such cases, ethical AI development requires robust risk assessment, reduction, and mitigation strategies, as well as clear mechanisms for attributing liability. This principle is particularly relevant to the dual-use nature of AI technologies, where innovations designed for positive purposes, such as medical diagnostics, may also be exploited for harmful ends. By embedding nonmaleficence into AI research, design, and deployment, developers and policymakers can foster trust and ensure AI technologies prioritize safety, security, and societal well-being, serving humanity responsibly and ethically. Recommended Reading Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines." Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 389–399.

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—do no harm—into every stage of the , from development to deployment and monitoring.

The human right to peace can be significantly jeopardized by certain AI applications if not properly managed and overseen. AI in military applications could exacerbate conflicts and undermine peace efforts. For instance, AI-driven Autonomous Weapons

Autonomous Weapons are AI-driven systems capable of selecting and engaging targets without direct human supervision. Often called lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), they rely on advanced sensors and algorithms to interpret battle conditions and carry out deadly force decisions on their own. Their significance lies in the profound challenges they pose to accountability and international humanitarian law. When machines, rather than humans, decide matters of life and death, it becomes unclear who bears ultimate responsibility for unlawful harm. These weapons risk escalating conflicts, diminishing human oversight, and endangering human rights, as algorithms may fail to distinguish civilians from combatants. This detachment of human conscience from lethal force raises serious moral questions and threatens to undermine the principle that warfare should remain under direct, human command. Many legal experts and activists argue that these technologies should be heavily regulated—or banned outright—to protect civilian lives and preserve human dignity in armed conflict.

systems could make independent decisions to engage in combat without adequate , increasing the risk of accidental escalations and civilian casualties. AI algorithms used for military strategy and operations might prioritize short-term tactical advantages over long-term peace and stability, leading to actions that escalate conflicts rather than resolve them. Additionally, AI systems used in and could be misused to conduct invasive monitoring and , violating rights and fueling tensions between nations. These potential violations underscore the necessity for stringent ethical guidelines, , and comprehensive to ensure that AI technologies do not undermine the right to peace.

The human right to peace, as affirmed by the United Nations Charter and various General Assembly resolutions, can be significantly jeopardized by certain AI applications if not properly managed and overseen. AI in military applications, particularly without stringent ethical guidelines and comprehensive Human Oversight

Human oversight is the process of monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting AI systems throughout their development and deployment to ensure alignment with human values, laws, and ethical standards. By actively guiding AI during training—such as providing feedback in supervised or reinforcement learning—and intervening in real time once deployed, humans can mitigate unintended outcomes and reinforce acceptable behavior. Techniques like reinforcement learning from human feedback — an approach that uses human ratings as a proxy for preference — is used by ChatGPT as a way to keep Humans in the Loop. Human oversight, however, is ineffective if preference data is biased. If AI systems surpass human intelligence, aligning them with human values will require new research breakthroughs. In any case, individuals and organizations must make good-faith efforts to responsibly oversee AI systems to ensure they operate ethically and in alignment with societal standards.

, could exacerbate conflicts and undermine global peace efforts. For instance, AI-driven systems—often referred to as lethal —may make independent decisions to engage in combat without meaningful human , increasing the risk of accidental escalations and civilian casualties. Such developments contravene the obligations of states to prevent acts of aggression and maintain international peace and , as outlined in the UN Charter’s Preamble and Chapter I, Article 1.

AI algorithms used for military strategy and operations might prioritize short-term tactical advantages over long-term peace and stability, leading to actions that escalate conflicts rather than resolve them. This undermines the commitment to peaceful settlement of disputes emphasized in the 1984, 1999, and 2016 declarations of peace. Additionally, AI systems employed in Intelligence

and could be misused to conduct invasive monitoring and , violating rights and fueling tensions between nations, which conflicts with the principles of friendly relations and cooperation among states.

These potential violations underscore the necessity for states and international organizations to implement stringent ethical guidelines, ensure Transparency

Transparency in artificial intelligence (AI) is the principle that AI systems should be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that allow stakeholders to understand, oversee, and assess their operations. It is foundational for building trust and accountability, enabling developers, regulators, users, and the public to scrutinize AI systems. Transparency includes disclosing critical information about data sources, algorithms, decision-making processes, and potential impacts. By ensuring AI systems are not "black boxes," transparency promotes ethical practices and makes their functionality and objectives clear. Transparency applies across the AI lifecycle, from development to deployment and ongoing monitoring. It involves disclosing when AI is used, explaining the evidence base for its decisions, and identifying limitations or risks. For example, a transparent AI system in healthcare should detail its diagnostic processes, including the datasets and models that inform its recommendations. Transparency is vital for addressing governance challenges posed by AI’s complexity, such as notifying individuals when they are interacting with AI or subject to automated decisions. This principle safeguards rights and prevents harm by enabling scrutiny of whether AI decisions are biased, discriminatory, or flawed. Implementing transparency requires balancing competing considerations, such as protecting privacy and intellectual property. It also involves overcoming technical challenges to ensure transparency measures are meaningful and accessible to diverse stakeholders. For instance, overly technical disclosures may confuse users and undermine the usability of transparency mechanisms. Transparency is closely linked to ethical principles like explainability, accountability, and fairness. It supports the identification and mitigation of biases, fosters public trust, and ensures AI systems align with societal values and legal standards. Ultimately, transparency is both an ethical imperative and a practical necessity for responsible AI. By embedding transparency into AI design, organizations can build trust, enhance accountability, and promote the equitable and ethical use of AI technologies. Recommended Reading Jessica Fjeld, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. "Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI ." Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.

, and provide comprehensive in the development and deployment of AI technologies. Upholding the sacred right to peace requires that AI does not undermine international stability but instead contributes to the maintenance of peace in accordance with the UN Charter and subsequent declarations. International cooperation and adherence to international law are essential to regulate AI in the defense sector, preventing actions that may lead to breaches of peace and ensuring that AI technologies support global harmony and .

It is the collective responsibility of every sector—specifically Defense, Education, Government, International Organizations, Legal and Law Enforcement, Regulatory and Oversight Bodies, and Technology—to ensure that AI is never used to violate the human right to peace.

AI’s Potential Benefits to the Human Right to Peace #

Let’s now examine how AI can potentially benefit and advance the human right to peace. We will give special attention to embedding the ethical commitment of Beneficence

Beneficence, the principle of doing good, complements the ethic of nonmaleficence—do no harm. Beneficence is a call to serve the common good rather than the interests of a select few. In the context of artificial intelligence, beneficence is a sustained commitment to ensuring that AI benefits all of humanity and the environment. Examples include enhancing individual and public health, promoting human flourishing, achieving peace and understanding, creating socio-economic opportunities, and fostering economic prosperity, especially for vulnerable populations. These aspirational examples illustrate the extraordinary power and potential that AI has in every sector of society, which comes with tremendous responsibility. A central ethical objective is ensuring that technological advancements benefit all humanity, sentient beings, and the planet. Instead of symbolic corporate statements, responsible developers view beneficence not as marketing rhetoric but as a way of life—a way of doing business at every stage of the AI lifecycle. This commitment to generosity and stewardship accelerates technology’s economic value while elevating human dignity and ecological sustainability, in alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Leaders in the tech-for-good movements align profit objectives with empowering communities and solving real-world problems, illustrating the wisdom of valuing the process as much as the product. By minimizing conflicts of interest, and creating reward systems for selfless behavior, AI technologies will contribute positively to society, enhance human capabilities, and promote collective well-being. Their practical strategies include creating business metrics to assess AI’s impact on quality of life, such as health, happiness, justice, or access to economic opportunities. In doing so, these leaders exemplify the ethical development of AI, by maintaining a lifelong commitment to mitigate harm and advance the common good.

For Further Reading Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines." Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 389–399.

—do good—into every stage of the , from development to deployment and monitoring.

When effectively developed, implemented, and monitored in accordance with international human rights principles, AI systems can significantly advance the human right to peace by promoting conflict prevention, enhancing peacekeeping efforts, and fostering international cooperation, as envisioned in the United Nations Charter and subsequent declarations. AI can be utilized to analyze large datasets to identify early warning signs of conflict, enabling proactive measures to prevent escalation and maintain peace, aligning with the UN’s purpose to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace. AI can be utilized to analyze large datasets to identify early warning signs of conflict, enabling proactive measures to prevent escalation and maintain peace, aligning with the UN’s purpose to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace.

In the defense and military sectors, AI can enhance decision-making by providing accurate and timely information, reducing the risk of misunderstandings and unintended escalations. Thus, AI can support the peaceful settlement of disputes in conformity with the principles of Justice

and international law. Peacekeeping organizations can leverage AI to improve mission planning, resource allocation, and coordination, ensuring more effective and efficient peacekeeping operations that uphold the sacred right to peace as proclaimed by the UN.

AI can also support international relations bodies by facilitating dialogue and cooperation through Data

-driven insights and analytics, helping to resolve disputes and build among nations, in line with the commitment to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and of peoples. By embedding ethical standards, rigorous validation, and throughout the , and by adhering to principles outlined in the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, these technologies can uphold and advance the human right to peace, ensuring that AI contributes to global stability and harmony.

The following instruments further emphasize the urgency of this matter.

Human Rights Instruments #

UN Charter (1945) #

1 U.N.T.S. XVI, U.N. Charter (June 26, 1945)

Preamble

We the Peoples of the United Nations determined

to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the Dignity
Human dignity refers to the inherent worth and respect that every individual possesses, irrespective of their status, identity, or achievements. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), dignity emphasizes the need for AI systems to be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that respect, preserve, and even enhance this intrinsic human value. While many existing AI ethics guidelines reference dignity, they often leave it undefined, highlighting instead its close relationship to human rights and its role in avoiding harm, forced acceptance, automated classification, and unconsented interactions between humans and AI. Fundamentally, dignity serves as a cornerstone of ethical AI practices, requiring systems to prioritize human well-being and autonomy. The preservation of dignity in AI systems places significant ethical responsibilities on developers, organizations, and policymakers. Developers play a pivotal role in ensuring that AI technologies respect privacy and autonomy by safeguarding personal data and avoiding manipulative practices. Bias mitigation is another critical responsibility, as AI systems must strive to eliminate discriminatory outcomes that could undermine the dignity of individuals based on race, gender, age, or other characteristics. Furthermore, transparency and accountability in AI operations are essential for upholding dignity, as they provide mechanisms to understand and address the impacts of AI systems on individuals and communities. Governance and legislation are equally important in safeguarding human dignity in the AI landscape. New legal frameworks and regulations can mandate ethical development and deployment practices, with a focus on protecting human rights and dignity. Government-issued technical and methodological guidelines can provide developers with clear standards for ethical AI design. Additionally, international cooperation is essential to establish a unified, global approach to AI ethics, recognizing the cross-border implications of AI technologies. By embedding dignity into AI systems and governance structures, society can ensure that AI technologies respect and enhance human worth, fostering trust, equity, and ethical innovation. Recommended Reading Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines." Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 389–399.
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and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and

to establish conditions under which Justice
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and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and

to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger Freedom
Freedom means having the autonomy to make choices and act without undue interference or coercion from others. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights, it highlights each person’s right to self-determination and control over their own life and personal data, even as AI systems increasingly influence our daily decisions. Freedom is a cornerstone of human rights and a foundational principle in AI ethics, ensuring that technology upholds individual autonomy rather than undermining it. The rise of AI has a direct impact on fundamental freedoms—from freedom of expression online to the right to privacy—making it crucial that AI is developed and used in ways that respect and protect these rights. Legal frameworks worldwide recognize these freedoms; for example, data protection laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) give individuals more control over their personal information, reinforcing their freedom from unwarranted surveillance or data misuse. In practice, this means AI systems should be designed to empower users—allowing people to access information, form opinions, and make choices without being manipulated or unjustly restricted by algorithms.
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,

Chapter 1 (Article 1)

The Purposes of the United Nations are:

1. To maintain international peace and Security
Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed to resist external threats and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and functionality. Security ensures AI systems are safeguarded against unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation, maintaining trust and reliability in AI technologies. This principle is particularly critical in sensitive domains such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences. Effective AI security emphasizes proactive measures, such as testing system resilience, sharing information about cyber threats, and implementing robust data protection strategies. Techniques like anonymization, de-identification, and data aggregation reduce risks to personal and sensitive information. Security by design—embedding security measures at every stage of an AI system’s lifecycle—is a cornerstone of this principle. This includes deploying fallback mechanisms, secure software protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and address potential threats. These measures not only protect AI systems but also foster trust among users and stakeholders by ensuring their safe and ethical operation. Challenges to achieving AI security include the increasing complexity of AI models, the sophistication of cyber threats, and the need to balance security with transparency and usability. As AI technologies often operate across borders, international cooperation is essential to establish and enforce global security standards. Collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, and civil society can create unified frameworks to address cross-border threats and ensure the ethical deployment of secure AI systems. Ultimately, the principle of security safeguards individual and organizational assets while upholding broader societal trust in AI. By prioritizing security in design, deployment, and governance, developers and policymakers can ensure AI technologies serve humanity responsibly and reliably. For Further Reading Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.
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, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of Justice
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and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;

2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and Self-determination
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of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;

3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and

4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) #

G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III) (Dec. 10, 1948).

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and Security
Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed to resist external threats and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and functionality. Security ensures AI systems are safeguarded against unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation, maintaining trust and reliability in AI technologies. This principle is particularly critical in sensitive domains such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences. Effective AI security emphasizes proactive measures, such as testing system resilience, sharing information about cyber threats, and implementing robust data protection strategies. Techniques like anonymization, de-identification, and data aggregation reduce risks to personal and sensitive information. Security by design—embedding security measures at every stage of an AI system’s lifecycle—is a cornerstone of this principle. This includes deploying fallback mechanisms, secure software protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and address potential threats. These measures not only protect AI systems but also foster trust among users and stakeholders by ensuring their safe and ethical operation. Challenges to achieving AI security include the increasing complexity of AI models, the sophistication of cyber threats, and the need to balance security with transparency and usability. As AI technologies often operate across borders, international cooperation is essential to establish and enforce global security standards. Collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, and civil society can create unified frameworks to address cross-border threats and ensure the ethical deployment of secure AI systems. Ultimately, the principle of security safeguards individual and organizational assets while upholding broader societal trust in AI. By prioritizing security in design, deployment, and governance, developers and policymakers can ensure AI technologies serve humanity responsibly and reliably. For Further Reading Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.
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of person.

Article 28

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace (1984) #

G.A. Res. 39/11, Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace, U.N. Doc. A/RES/39/11 (Nov. 12, 1984)

The General Assembly…

1. Solemnly proclaims that the peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace;

2. Solemnly declares that the preservation of the right of peoples to peace and the promotion of its implementation constitute a fundamental obligation of each State;

3. Emphasizes that ensuring the exercise of the right of peoples to peace demands that the policies of States be directed towards the elimination of the threat of war, particularly nuclear war, the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means on the basis of the Charter of the United Nations;…

4. Urges all States and international organizations to do their utmost to assist in implementing the present Declaration.

Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace (1999) #

G.A. Res. 53/243, Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, U.N. Doc. A/RES/53/243 (Sept. 13, 1999)

Article 1

A culture of peace is a set of values, attitudes, traditions and modes of behaviour and ways of life based on:

(a) Respect for life, ending of violence and promotion and practice of non-violence through education, dialogue and cooperation;

(b) Full respect for and promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;

(c) Commitment to peaceful settlement of conflicts;

(d) Efforts to meet the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations;

(e) Respect for and promotion of the right to development;

(f) Respect for and promotion of equal rights and opportunities for women and men;

(g) Respect for and promotion of the rights of everyone to Freedom
Freedom means having the autonomy to make choices and act without undue interference or coercion from others. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights, it highlights each person’s right to self-determination and control over their own life and personal data, even as AI systems increasingly influence our daily decisions. Freedom is a cornerstone of human rights and a foundational principle in AI ethics, ensuring that technology upholds individual autonomy rather than undermining it. The rise of AI has a direct impact on fundamental freedoms—from freedom of expression online to the right to privacy—making it crucial that AI is developed and used in ways that respect and protect these rights. Legal frameworks worldwide recognize these freedoms; for example, data protection laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) give individuals more control over their personal information, reinforcing their freedom from unwarranted surveillance or data misuse. In practice, this means AI systems should be designed to empower users—allowing people to access information, form opinions, and make choices without being manipulated or unjustly restricted by algorithms.
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of expression, opinion and information;

(h) Adherence to the principles of Freedom
Freedom means having the autonomy to make choices and act without undue interference or coercion from others. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights, it highlights each person’s right to self-determination and control over their own life and personal data, even as AI systems increasingly influence our daily decisions. Freedom is a cornerstone of human rights and a foundational principle in AI ethics, ensuring that technology upholds individual autonomy rather than undermining it. The rise of AI has a direct impact on fundamental freedoms—from freedom of expression online to the right to privacy—making it crucial that AI is developed and used in ways that respect and protect these rights. Legal frameworks worldwide recognize these freedoms; for example, data protection laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) give individuals more control over their personal information, reinforcing their freedom from unwarranted surveillance or data misuse. In practice, this means AI systems should be designed to empower users—allowing people to access information, form opinions, and make choices without being manipulated or unjustly restricted by algorithms.
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, Justice
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, democracy, tolerance, Solidarity
Solidarity in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and law refers to an ethical commitment to ensuring that AI technologies protect vulnerable populations and the environment from harm. This principle is rooted in a broader understanding of human rights and environmental stewardship, emphasizing that AI systems should not only avoid harm but actively promote the rights and well-being of marginalized groups and contribute to environmental sustainability. Vulnerable populations identified in human rights instruments over the past eight decades include children, women, racial and ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, religious minorities, individuals with disabilities, older persons, LGBTQ+ individuals, refugees, migrants, and those living in poverty. At its core, solidarity embodies a deep commitment to unity, connection, and interdependence, recognizing the shared humanity and mutual reliance of all individuals and the planet. In the lifecycle of AI—spanning development, deployment, and monitoring—the principle of solidarity calls for deliberate efforts to align AI systems with the needs and rights of these vulnerable groups. This involves designing AI technologies that amplify social justice, promote inclusion, and address systemic inequities. Additionally, solidarity extends to environmental stewardship, requiring that AI systems are deployed in ways that contribute positively to ecological preservation and sustainability. Operationalizing solidarity in AI ethics and law involves creating policies, standards, and practices that prioritize the protection and empowerment of the most vulnerable. This includes embedding fairness, inclusivity, and sustainability into AI governance frameworks, as well as fostering global cooperation to address shared challenges. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of people and the planet, solidarity offers a guiding principle for developing AI systems that reflect shared values, promote collective well-being, and contribute to a more equitable and sustainable world.
, cooperation, pluralism, cultural diversity, dialogue and understanding at all levels of society and among nations;

Article 3

The fuller development of a culture of peace is integrally linked to… promoting international peace and Security
Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed to resist external threats and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and functionality. Security ensures AI systems are safeguarded against unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation, maintaining trust and reliability in AI technologies. This principle is particularly critical in sensitive domains such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences. Effective AI security emphasizes proactive measures, such as testing system resilience, sharing information about cyber threats, and implementing robust data protection strategies. Techniques like anonymization, de-identification, and data aggregation reduce risks to personal and sensitive information. Security by design—embedding security measures at every stage of an AI system’s lifecycle—is a cornerstone of this principle. This includes deploying fallback mechanisms, secure software protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and address potential threats. These measures not only protect AI systems but also foster trust among users and stakeholders by ensuring their safe and ethical operation. Challenges to achieving AI security include the increasing complexity of AI models, the sophistication of cyber threats, and the need to balance security with transparency and usability. As AI technologies often operate across borders, international cooperation is essential to establish and enforce global security standards. Collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, and civil society can create unified frameworks to address cross-border threats and ensure the ethical deployment of secure AI systems. Ultimately, the principle of security safeguards individual and organizational assets while upholding broader societal trust in AI. By prioritizing security in design, deployment, and governance, developers and policymakers can ensure AI technologies serve humanity responsibly and reliably. For Further Reading Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.
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in a world where the values of a culture of peace prevail.

Declaration on the Right to Peace (2016) #

G.A. Res. 71/189, Declaration on the Right to Peace, U.N. Doc. A/RES/71/189 (Dec. 19, 2016)

The General Assembly…

1. Reaffirms that everyone has the right to enjoy peace such that all human rights are promoted and protected and development is fully realized;

2. Emphasizes that the preservation of peace and the promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence is a fundamental obligation of all States;

3. Stresses that States should respect, implement and promote Equality
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and Non-Discrimination
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, Justice
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and the rule of law, and guarantee Freedom
Freedom means having the autonomy to make choices and act without undue interference or coercion from others. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights, it highlights each person’s right to self-determination and control over their own life and personal data, even as AI systems increasingly influence our daily decisions. Freedom is a cornerstone of human rights and a foundational principle in AI ethics, ensuring that technology upholds individual autonomy rather than undermining it. The rise of AI has a direct impact on fundamental freedoms—from freedom of expression online to the right to privacy—making it crucial that AI is developed and used in ways that respect and protect these rights. Legal frameworks worldwide recognize these freedoms; for example, data protection laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) give individuals more control over their personal information, reinforcing their freedom from unwarranted surveillance or data misuse. In practice, this means AI systems should be designed to empower users—allowing people to access information, form opinions, and make choices without being manipulated or unjustly restricted by algorithms.
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from fear and want as a means to build peace within and between societies;

4. Urges all States, United Nations agencies, regional and international organizations to take appropriate sustainable measures to implement the present Declaration in order to promote peace.

Last Updated: March 28, 2025

Research Assistant: Amisha Rastogi

Contributor: To Be Determined

Reviewer: To Be Determined

Editor: Georgina Curto Rex

Subject: Human Right

Edition: Edition 3.0 Review

Recommended Citation: "III.A. Right to Peace, Edition 3.0 Review." In AI & Human Rights Index, edited by Nathan C. Walker, Dirk Brand, Caitlin Corrigan, Georgina Curto Rex, Alexander Kriebitz, John Maldonado, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, and Tanya de Villiers-Botha. New York: All Tech is Human; Camden, NJ: AI Ethics Lab at Rutgers University, 2025. Accessed April 24, 2025. https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/iii-a-peace/.

Sectors #

DEF-GSP: Government Surveillance Programs

DEF-INTL: International Defense Bodies

DEF-MIL: Military Branches

DEF-PDC: Private Defense Contractors

DEF-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations

Summary

EDU-INS: Educational Institutions

EDU-RES: Research Organizations

EDU-POL: Educational Policy Makers

EDU-TEC: Educational Technology Providers

EDU-FND: Educational Foundations and NGOs

Summary

GOV-AGY: Government Agencies

GOV-CRS: Civil Registration Services

GOV-ECN: Economic Planning Bodies

GOV-PPM: Public Officials

GOV-PUB: Public Services

GOV-REG: Regulatory Bodies

GOV-SUR: Government Surveillance

Summary

INTL-CRT: International Courts

INTL-DIP: Diplomatic Organizations

INTL-DEV: Development Agencies

INTL-GOV: Governmental Organizations

INTL-HRN: Human Rights Organizations

INTL-HUM: Humanitarian Organizations

INTL-MON: Monitoring Bodies

INTL-NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations

INTL-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations

INTL-REF: Refugee Organizations

Summary

LAW-COR: Correctional Facilities

LAW-ENF: Law Enforcement

LAW-GSP: Government Surveillance Programs

LAW-IMM: Immigration and Border Control

LAW-JUD: Judicial Systems

LAW-LTC: Legal Tech Companies

LAW-SEC: Private Security Firms

Summary

REG-AGY: Regulatory Agencies

REG-DPA: Data Protection Authorities

REG-ETH: Ethics Committees

REG-OVS: Oversight Bodies

REG-RBY: Regulatory Bodies

Summary

TECH-COM: Technology Companies

TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms

TECH-DGP: Digital Platforms

TECH-EDU: Educational Technology Companies

TECH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies

TECH-LTC: Legal Tech Companies

TECH-SHD: Smart Home Device Manufacturers

TECH-SMP: Social Media Platforms

TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies

Summary

AI’s Potential Violations of the Human Right to Peace #

AI’s Potential Benefits to the Human Right to Peace #

Human Rights Instruments #

UN Charter (1945) #

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) #

Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace (1984) #

Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace (1999) #

Declaration on the Right to Peace (2016) #

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