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Humans First Fund
A

Ability to Appeal

The Ability to Appeal is an ethical and legal principle in artificial intelligence (AI) that...

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Ability to Restrict Processing

The ability to restrict processing refers to the power of individuals, known as data subjects,...

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Accountability

Accountability refers to the professional and legal standards determining who is responsible and legally liable...

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Adversarial Exemplars

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Agency

Human agency refers to a person’s capacity to make autonomous decisions and exercise control or...

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AI & Hiring

AI & Hiring refers to the application of artificial intelligence technologies in employers' recruitment and...

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AI Agents

AI assistants, also known as agentic systems, are advanced artificial intelligence platforms designed to operate...

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AI as Infrastructure

AI as Infrastructure refers to the conceptualization and implementation of artificial intelligence as a foundational...

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AI Ethics

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AI Lifecycle

AI Lifecycle refers to the comprehensive process through which artificial intelligence (AI) systems are designed,...

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AI TRiSM

AI Trust, Risk, and Security Management (AI TRiSM) is a framework designed to help organizations...

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Algorithm

An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions or rules designed to perform a specific...

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Algorithmic Bias

Algorithmic Bias occurs when artificial intelligence or machine learning systems produce systematically skewed outcomes, leading...

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Algorithmic Fairness Testing Tools

Algorithmic Fairness Testing Tools are specialized software applications and frameworks designed to assess, detect, and...

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Allocative Harms

Allocative harms refer to the negative consequences that arise when artificial intelligence (AI) systems unfairly...

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Anonymization

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Anthropomorphism

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics, emotions, and behaviors to non-human entities, including animals,...

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ART: Arts and Culture

The Arts and Culture sector encompasses organizations, institutions, and individuals involved in the creation, preservation,...

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Artificial General Intelligence

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), sometimes referred to as "strong AI" or "superintelligence," is a theoretical...

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Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to software and hardware systems engineered by humans to accomplish complex...

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Asilomar AI Principles

The Asilomar AI Principles are a set of 23 guidelines formulated in January 2017 by...

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Attribution

Attribution in the context of artificial intelligence, ethics, and law, refers to the acknowledgment and...

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Audit Points

Audit Points in the AI Lifecycle. Draft: “Audit points are critical checkpoints within the AI...

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Auditing Algorithms

Auditing algorithms involves the systematic examination and evaluation of the algorithms used in artificial intelligence...

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Augmentation v. Automation

In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), "augmentation" and "automation" are two distinct concepts that...

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Automated Decision Systems

Automated Decision Systems (ADS) are AI-driven technologies that make decisions or assist in decision-making processes...

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Automated Machine Learning

Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) refers to the process of automating the application of machine learning...

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Automating Tasks, Not Jobs

"Automating Tasks, Not Jobs" is a principle in the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) that...

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Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles are cars or other modes of transportation that can drive themselves using advanced...

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Autonomous Weapons

Autonomous Weapons are AI-driven systems capable of selecting and engaging targets without direct human supervision....

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Autonomy

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B

Bayesian Inference

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Belmont Report

The Belmont Report, published in 1979 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human...

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Beneficence

Beneficence, the principle of doing good, complements the ethic of nonmaleficence—do no harm. Beneficence is a...

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Bias

Bias in artificial intelligence refers to systematic unfairness or prejudice in an AI system’s outputs....

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Big Data

Big Data in the context of artificial intelligence refers to the immense volumes of data...

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Biometrics

Biometrics in AI refers to automated systems that identify or verify people by measuring unique...

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Black Box

In the ethics of artificial intelligence, a "black box" refers to an AI system whose...

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Blacklists UT1

Blacklists UT1 is a curated resource developed by the Digital Services of the University of...

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Brain Data

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Bullying

Bullying in AI refers to the misuse or manipulation of artificial intelligence technologies, particularly generative...

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BUS: Business Sectors

The Business Sectors encompass a wide range of industries and enterprises engaged in commercial, industrial,...

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C

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is a state statute intended to enhance privacy rights...

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Catastrophic Forgetting

Catastrophic forgetting, also known as catastrophic interference, is a phenomenon in artificial neural networks where...

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Chatbot

A chatbot is an artificial intelligence software designed to simulate conversation with human users in...

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CIA Triad

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Co-intelligence

Co-intelligence refers to the collective and synergistic intelligence that emerges when individuals and systems work...

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Cognitive Computing

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Cognitive Liberty

Cognitive liberty in AI refers to the right to mental privacy, freedom of thought, and...

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Colorado Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence (SB 24-205)

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COM: Media and Communication

The Media and Communication sector encompasses organizations, platforms, and individuals involved in the creation, dissemination,...

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Common Crawl

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Common Sense Open-Ended Plausible Answers (COPA)

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Computer Vision

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Consent

Consent is the ethical, professional, and legal commitment to ensure that a person gives their...

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Constitutional AI

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Consumer Protection and Advocacy (CPA)

The Consumer Protection and Advocacy sector encompasses organizations and entities dedicated to safeguarding the rights...

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Content Credentials

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Contextual Integrity

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Control

Fjeld, Achten, Hilligoss, Nagy, Srikumar write, “Control over the use of data” as a principle...

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Cyber Resilience

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D

Data

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Data Augmentation

Data Augmentation is a technique used in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to increase...

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Data Mining

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Data Protection Officers

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Data Science

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Data-centric Engineering

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Database

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Decision Networks

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Deep Learning

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Deep Reinforcement Learning

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Deepfake

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DEF: Defense and Military

The Defense and Military sector encompasses all national efforts related to the protection of a...

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Deterministic Algorithm

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Dictionary Learning

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Diffusion

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Digital Autonomy

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Digital Citizenship

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Digital Exclusion

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Digital Pulse Processing

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Digital Twin

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Dignity

Human dignity refers to the inherent worth and respect that every individual possesses, irrespective of...

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Discriminative AI

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Disparate Impact

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Disparate Treatment

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E

EDU: Education and Research

The Education and Research sector encompasses institutions and organizations dedicated to teaching, learning, and scholarly...

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Emergent Behavior

Emergent Behavior in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) refers to complex patterns, behaviors, or...

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Emotion Detection

Emotion Detection in AI refers to the use of an AI System to identify or...

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End-to-End Learning

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ENV: Environmental and Energy

The Environmental and Energy sector encompasses organizations and entities involved in managing natural resources, producing...

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Environmental Responsibility

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Equality

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Ethics Washing

Ethics Washing in AI is the practice of promoting a false or exaggerated sense of...

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Evaluation

Evaluation (commonly referred to as an “eval”) measures an AI model's performance on a specific...

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Explainability

Explainability means an AI system can show how it reached a decision in a way...

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eXplainable AI (XAI)

eXplainable AI (XAI) are AI systems that provide clear, understandable insights into how they reach...

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Explicability

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F

Fairness

Fairness refers to the equitable and impartial treatment of individuals and groups by artificial intelligence...

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Few-Shot Learning

Few-shot learning is a machine learning approach where models are trained with only a small...

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FIN: Financial Services

The Financial Services sector encompasses institutions and organizations involved in managing money, providing financial products,...

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Fine Tuning

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Foundation Model

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Freedom

Freedom means having the autonomy to make choices and act without undue interference or coercion...

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G

Gaslighting

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General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

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General Intelligence

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Generation 1

G1. The First Generation Rights (Civil and Political Rights) The First Generation Rights rights primarily focus...

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Generation 2

G2. Second Generation Rights (Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights) The Second Generation Rights are concerned with...

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Generation 3

G3. Third Generation Rights (Collective or Solidarity Rights) These Third Generation Rights extend beyond the individual...

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Generations of Human Rights

The concept of "Generations of Human Rights" is a framework proposed by Czech jurist Karel...

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Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)

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Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)

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Generative Machine Learning

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Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)

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GOV: Government and Public Sector

The Government and Public Sector encompasses all institutions and organizations that are part of the...

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Guardrails

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H

Hallucination

Hallucination in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the phenomenon where an AI...

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Helpful, Honest, Harmless (HHH)

HHH. “Triple H” or the “Three H’s”, in the context of AI ethics and design...

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HLTH: Healthcare and Public Health

The Healthcare and Public Health sector encompasses all organizations and entities involved in delivering health...

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Horizontal Legislation

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Human Agency

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Human Alternatives

Human Alternatives refers to the option for individuals to interact with a human, rather than...

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Human Control

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Human Oversight

Human oversight is the process of monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting AI systems throughout their development...

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Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)

Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is a design principle to ensure that AI system outputs are informed by...

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I

Image Generation

Image Generation in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the process of creating synthetic images using...

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Impact Assessments

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Inclusiveness in Design

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Inclusiveness in Impact

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Insecure Output Handling

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Intelligence

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International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)

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Interpretable Machine Learning

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INTL: International Organizations and Relations

The International Organizations and Relations sector encompasses entities that operate across national borders to address...

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Invisibility Factor

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J

Justice

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K

K-anonymity

K-anonymity is a data anonymization technique used to prevent the identification of individuals in datasets...

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L

Lantern Laws

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Large Language Models (LLMs)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced artificial intelligence systems designed to understand, interpret, generate, and respond...

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LAW: Legal and Law Enforcement

The Legal and Law Enforcement sector encompasses institutions and organizations responsible for upholding the law,...

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Liability and Legal Responsibility

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Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME)

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M

Machine Learning

Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development...

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Machine Unlearning

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Manipulation

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Memorization

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Metadata

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Microsoft’s Datasheets for Datasets

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Microtargeting

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Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST)

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Model Denial of Service (Model DoS)

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Monitoring Body

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Moral Distance in AI

Moral Distance in AI refers to the separation—physical, psychological, or procedural—between those who make AI-driven...

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Moralizing Technologies

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Multi-Agent System (MAS)

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Multimodal AI

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N

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the...

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Neural Network

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Neuro-Symbolic AI

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Neurosurveillance

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Neurotechnology in AI

Neurotechnology in AI refers to the interconnection of the human brain and/or nervous systems with...

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Non-Discrimination

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Nonmaleficence

Nonmaleficence, the principle of mitigating harm, complements the ethic of beneficence, the principle of doing good....

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Notice

Notice in AI refers to the requirement that people be clearly informed when an AI...

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Notice / Notification

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O

OECD AI Principles

OECD AI Principles refers to a set of ethical guidelines developed by the Organisation for...

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Online Content Regulation

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Opacity

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Open Government Procurement

Open Government Procurement refers to the principle that governments should be transparent and accountable in...

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Open Source

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Operative Autonomy

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Overfitting

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P

Panopticon

The Panopticon, when applied to the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI), refers to a metaphorical...

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Parameters

In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in machine learning and deep learning, parameters refer to...

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Penetration Testing

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Personal Data Processing

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Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is data that can single out or distinguish a specific individual....

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Plagiaristic Outputs

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Pre-training

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Predictability

Predictability in AI ensures that systems produce consistent outcomes aligned with their inputs and design...

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Predictive Analytics

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Predictive Justice

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Predictive Policing

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Privacy

Privacy in artificial intelligence (AI) is the principle that AI systems must respect individuals' rights...

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Privacy by Design

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Privacy Lifecycle

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Professional Responsibility

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Profiling

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Promotion, Alignment of Human Values

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Prompt Injection

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Prompting Process, Prompt Chaining

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Pseudonymization

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Q

Q-learning

A reinforcement learning algorithm that enables an agent to learn the value of actions in...

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R

Red Teaming

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REG: Regulatory and Oversight Bodies

The Regulatory and Oversight Bodies sector encompasses organizations responsible for creating, implementing, and enforcing regulations,...

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Regular Reporting

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Regulatory Capture

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Reinforcement Learning

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Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)

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Remedy

A remedy for automated decision refers to the mechanisms and processes established to address and...

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Remedy for Automated Decision

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Representative Data

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Reproducibility

Reproducibility in artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and law refers to the ability to replicate an...

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Responsible AI Safety and Effectiveness (RAISE) Benchmarks

The Responsible AI Safety and Effectiveness (RAISE) Benchmarks are a comprehensive set of criteria and...

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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

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Right to Erasure

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Right to Information

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Right to Rectification

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Risk Shifting

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Risks in Business

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Robot

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Robot Tax

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Robotics

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S

Safety

Safety in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to ensuring that AI systems function reliably and as...

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Security

Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed...

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Security by Design

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Self-determination

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Self-Governing AI

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Self-Reflection Technology

Coined by Dr. Nathan C. Walker, the principal investigator of the AI Ethics Lab at...

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Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)

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Silent Evaluation

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Singularity

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Situational Awareness

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Small Language Models (SLMs)

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SOC: Social Services and Housing

The Social Services and Housing sector encompasses organizations and agencies dedicated to providing support, assistance,...

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Social Scoring, Unitary Scoring

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Social Sorting

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Solidarity

Solidarity in AI ethics and law is an ethical commitment to ensuring that AI technologies...

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Solutions Scholarship in AI

“When I was a boy and I would see scary things in the news, my...

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Stochastic Parrot

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Style Transfer

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Superintelligence Alignment

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Supervised Learning

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Supervised learning v. Prompt-based AI

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Surrogate Decision Trees

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Surveillance

Surveillance refers to the systematic monitoring, collection, and analysis of data regarding individuals or groups,...

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Surveillance Capitalism

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Sustainability

Sustainability, in the context of AI ethics and law, is the principle that artificial intelligence...

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Sustainable Tech Innovation

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Synthetic Data

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Synthetic Media

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T

TECH: Technology and IT

The Technology and IT sector encompasses companies and organizations involved in the development, production, and...

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Temperature

Temperature in the context of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in generative models like language models,...

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Testing

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Text-to-Image Generation

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Training Data

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Training Data Poisoning

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Training Stages

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TRAN: Transportation and Infrastructure

The Transportation and Infrastructure sector encompasses organizations and entities involved in the movement of people...

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Transformer Model & Transformers

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Transparency

Transparency in artificial intelligence (AI) is the principle that AI systems should be designed, developed,...

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Transparency, Explainability, Contestability (TEC)

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Trolley Problem

Trolley Problem is a classic ethical thought experiment that raises questions about moral decision-making and...

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Trust

Trust in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the confidence users and stakeholders have in the...

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Trustworthy AI

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Turing Test

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U

Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised Learning is a type of machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), where...

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URL Filtering

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V

Value Sensitive Design

Value Sensitive Design (VSD) is an approach to technology development that systematically incorporates human values...

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Values Alignment

Values alignment is the principle of ensuring that artificial intelligence (AI) systems operate in ways...

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Variational Autoencoder (VAE)

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Verifiability

Verifiability in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems should be designed...

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Virtual Expression

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Vulnerable Populations

Vulnerable populations identified in human rights instruments include children, women, racial and ethnic minorities, indigenous...

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W

Weak AI (Narrow AI)

Weak AI, also known as Narrow AI, refers to artificial intelligence systems designed to perform specific...

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WORK: Employment and Labor

The Employment and Labor sector encompasses organizations, institutions, and entities involved in the facilitation of...

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Y

Yielding AI Systems

Yielding AI Systems are designed to defer to human judgment or control, especially in critical...

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Z

Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL)

Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) is a machine learning paradigm in artificial intelligence (AI) where a model...

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Recommended Citation:  "Glossary" In AI & Human Rights Index, edited by Nathan C. Walker, Dirk Brand, Caitlin Corrigan, Georgina Curto Rex, Alexander Kriebitz, John Maldonado, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, and Tanya de Villiers-Botha. New York: All Tech is Human; Camden, NJ: AI Ethics Lab at Rutgers University, 2025. Accessed April 10, 2025. https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/index/glossary/.

About
Moral Imagination
Human Rights Index
Project Insight

Dr. Nathan C. Walker
Principal Investigator, AI Ethics Lab

Rutgers University-Camden
College of Arts & Sciences
Department of Philosophy & Religion

AI Ethics Lab at the Digital Studies Center
Johnson Park Walt Whitman Building
143 Cooper St, Camden, NJ 08102

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