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[Insert statement of urgency and significance for why this right relates to AI.]

Sectors #

The contributors of the AI & Human Rights Index have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance this human right.

• ART: Arts and Culture
  The Arts and Culture sector encompasses organizations, institutions, and individuals involved in the creation, preservation, and promotion of artistic and cultural expressions. This includes content creators, the entertainment industry, historical documentation centers, cultural institutions, museums, and arts organizations. The ART sector plays a vital role in enriching societies, fostering creativity, preserving heritage, and promoting cultural diversity and understanding.

  ART-CRT: Content Creators

  Content Creators are individuals or groups who produce artistic or cultural works, including visual artists, musicians, writers, filmmakers, and digital creators. They contribute to the cultural landscape by expressing ideas, emotions, and narratives through various mediums. These creators are accountable for using AI ethically in their creative processes and in how they distribute and monetize their work. This involves respecting intellectual property rights, avoiding plagiarism facilitated by AI, and ensuring that AI-generated content does not perpetuate stereotypes or infringe on cultural sensitivities. By integrating ethical AI practices, content creators can enhance their creativity while upholding artistic integrity and cultural respect. Examples include using AI tools for music composition or visual art creation as a means of inspiration, while ensuring the final work is original and not infringing on others' rights. Employing AI to analyze audience engagement data to tailor content that resonates with diverse audiences without compromising artistic vision or reinforcing harmful biases.

  ART-ENT: Entertainment Industry

  The Entertainment Industry comprises companies and professionals involved in the production, distribution, and promotion of entertainment content, such as films, television shows, music, and live performances. This industry significantly influences culture and public opinion. These entities are accountable for using AI ethically in content creation, marketing, and distribution. They must prevent the use of AI in ways that could lead to deepfakes, unauthorized use of likenesses, or manipulation of audiences. Ethical AI use can enhance production efficiency and audience engagement while protecting individual rights and promoting responsible content. Examples include implementing AI for special effects in films that respect performers' rights and obtain necessary consents. Using AI algorithms for content recommendations that promote diversity and avoid creating echo chambers or reinforcing stereotypes.

  ART-HDC: Historical Documentation Centers

  Historical Documentation Centers are institutions that collect, preserve, and provide access to historical records, archives, and artifacts. They play a crucial role in safeguarding cultural heritage and supporting research. These centers are accountable for using AI ethically to digitize and manage collections while respecting the provenance of artifacts and the rights of communities connected to them. They must ensure that AI does not misrepresent historical information or contribute to cultural appropriation. Examples include employing AI for digitizing and cataloging archives, making them more accessible to the public and researchers while ensuring accurate representation. Using AI to restore or reconstruct historical artifacts or documents, respecting the original context and cultural significance.

  ART-INS: Cultural Institutions

  Cultural Institutions include organizations such as libraries, theaters, cultural centers, and galleries that promote cultural activities and education. They foster community engagement and cultural appreciation. These institutions are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance visitor experiences, manage collections, and promote inclusivity. They must prevent biases in AI applications that could exclude or misrepresent certain cultures or communities. Examples include implementing AI-powered interactive exhibits that engage visitors of all backgrounds. Using AI analytics to understand visitor demographics and preferences, informing programming that is inclusive and representative of diverse cultures.

  ART-MUS: Museums

  Museums are institutions that collect, preserve, and exhibit artifacts of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific significance. They educate the public and contribute to cultural preservation. Museums are accountable for using AI ethically in curation, exhibition design, and visitor engagement. This includes respecting the cultural heritage of artifacts, obtaining proper consents for use, and ensuring that AI does not distort interpretations. Examples include using AI to create virtual reality experiences that allow visitors to explore exhibits remotely, expanding access while ensuring accurate representation. Employing AI for artifact preservation techniques, such as predicting degradation and optimizing conservation efforts.

  ART-ORG: Arts Organizations

  Arts Organizations are groups that support artists and promote the arts through funding, advocacy, education, and community programs. They play a key role in fostering artistic expression and cultural development. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to support artists and audiences equitably. They must ensure that AI tools do not introduce biases in grant allocations, program selections, or audience targeting. Examples include utilizing AI to analyze grant applications objectively, ensuring fair consideration for artists from diverse backgrounds. Implementing AI-driven marketing strategies that reach wider audiences without infringing on privacy or perpetuating stereotypes.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in arts and culture. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance creativity, preserve cultural heritage, promote diversity, and ensure that artistic expressions respect the rights and dignity of all individuals and communities.  

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• COM: Media and Communication
  The Media and Communication sector encompasses organizations, platforms, and individuals involved in the creation, dissemination, and exchange of information and content. This includes content creators, arts and entertainment entities, news and media organizations, publishing and recording media, publishing industries, social media platforms, and telecommunications companies. The COM sector plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse, informing societies, and fostering connectivity, thereby influencing cultural, social, and political landscapes.

  COM-CRT: Content Creators

  Content Creators are individuals or groups who produce original content across various mediums, including writing, audio, video, and digital formats. They contribute to the diversity of information and entertainment available to the public. These creators are accountable for using AI ethically in content creation and distribution. This involves ensuring that AI tools do not infringe on intellectual property rights, propagate misinformation, or perpetuate biases and stereotypes. By integrating ethical AI practices, content creators can enhance creativity and reach while maintaining integrity and respecting audience rights. Examples include using AI for editing and enhancing content, such as automated video editing software, while ensuring that the final product is original and respects copyright laws. Employing AI analytics to understand audience engagement and tailor content without manipulating or exploiting user data.

  COM-ENT: Arts and Entertainment

  The Arts and Entertainment sector includes organizations and individuals involved in producing and distributing artistic and entertainment content, such as films, music, theater, and performances. This sector significantly influences culture and societal values. These entities are accountable for using AI ethically in content production, distribution, and marketing. They must prevent the misuse of AI in creating deepfakes, unauthorized use of individuals' likenesses, or generating content that spreads harmful stereotypes. Ethical AI use can enhance production efficiency and audience engagement while promoting responsible content. Examples include implementing AI for special effects in films that respect performers' rights and obtain necessary consents. Using AI algorithms for content recommendations that promote diversity and avoid reinforcing biases or creating echo chambers.

  COM-NMO: News and Media Organizations

  News and Media Organizations are entities that gather, produce, and distribute news and information to the public through various channels, including print, broadcast, and digital media. They play a critical role in informing the public and shaping public opinion. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in news gathering, content curation, and dissemination. This includes preventing the spread of misinformation, ensuring fairness and accuracy, and avoiding biases in AI-driven news algorithms. They must also respect privacy rights in data collection and protect journalistic integrity. Examples include using AI to automate fact-checking processes, enhancing the accuracy of reporting. Implementing AI algorithms for personalized news feeds that provide balanced perspectives and avoid creating filter bubbles.

  COM-PRM: Publishing and Recording Media

  Publishing and Recording Media entities are involved in producing and distributing written, audio, and visual content, including books, music recordings, podcasts, and other media formats. They support artists and authors in reaching audiences. These entities are accountable for using AI ethically in content production, distribution, and rights management. They must respect intellectual property rights, ensure fair compensation for creators, and prevent unauthorized reproduction or distribution facilitated by AI. Examples include employing AI to convert books into audiobooks using synthetic voices, ensuring that proper licenses and consents are obtained. Using AI to detect and prevent piracy or unauthorized sharing of digital content.

  COM-PUB: Publishing Industries

  The Publishing Industries focus on producing and disseminating literature, academic works, and informational content across various platforms. They contribute to education, culture, and the preservation of knowledge. These industries are accountable for using AI ethically in editing, production, and distribution processes. They must prevent biases in AI tools used for content selection or editing that could marginalize certain voices or perspectives. They should also respect authors' rights and ensure that AI does not infringe on intellectual property. Examples include using AI for manuscript editing and proofreading, enhancing efficiency while ensuring that the author's voice and intent are preserved. Implementing AI to recommend books to readers, promoting a diverse range of authors and topics.

  COM-SMP: Social Media Platforms

  Social Media Platforms are online services that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking. They have a significant impact on communication, information dissemination, and social interaction. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically in content moderation, recommendation algorithms, and advertising. They must prevent the spread of misinformation, hate speech, and harmful content, protect user data, and avoid algorithmic biases that could lead to echo chambers or discrimination. Examples include using AI to detect and remove harmful content such as harassment or incitement to violence while respecting freedom of expression. Implementing transparent algorithms that provide diverse content and prevent the reinforcement of biases.

  COM-TEL: Telecommunications Companies

  Telecommunications Companies provide communication services such as telephone, internet, and data transmission. They build and maintain the infrastructure that enables connectivity and digital communication globally. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to manage networks, improve services, and protect user data. They must ensure that AI applications do not infringe on privacy rights, enable unlawful surveillance, or discriminate against certain users. Examples include employing AI to optimize network performance, enhancing service quality without accessing or exploiting user communications. Using AI-driven security measures to protect networks from cyber threats while respecting legal obligations regarding data privacy.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in media and communication. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance information dissemination, foster connectivity, and enrich cultural experiences while safeguarding individual rights, promoting diversity, and ensuring accurate and fair communication.  

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• TECH: Technology and IT
  The Technology and IT sector encompasses companies and organizations involved in the development, production, and maintenance of technology products and services. This includes technology companies, cybersecurity firms, digital platforms, educational technology companies, healthcare technology companies, legal tech companies, smart home device manufacturers, social media platforms, and telecommunications companies. The TECH sector plays a pivotal role in driving innovation, connecting people globally, and shaping how societies operate in the digital age.

  TECH-COM: Technology Companies

  Technology Companies are businesses that develop and sell technology products or services, such as software developers, hardware manufacturers, and IT service providers. They are at the forefront of technological advancements and influence various aspects of modern life. These companies are accountable for ensuring that AI is developed and deployed ethically, promoting transparency, fairness, and accountability. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and consider the societal impact of their technologies. By integrating ethical AI practices, they can foster trust and contribute positively to society. Examples include developing AI applications that respect user privacy by minimizing data collection and implementing strong security measures. Creating AI systems that are transparent and explainable, allowing users to understand how decisions are made and challenging them if necessary.

  TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms

  Cybersecurity Firms specialize in protecting computer systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, or damage. They offer services like threat detection, vulnerability assessments, and incident response. These firms are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance cybersecurity while respecting privacy and legal boundaries. They must ensure that AI tools do not infringe on users' rights or engage in unauthorized surveillance. Ethical AI use can strengthen defenses against cyber threats without compromising individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time, protecting organizations and users from harm while ensuring that monitoring activities comply with privacy laws. Providing AI-driven security solutions that help organizations safeguard data without accessing or misusing sensitive information.

  TECH-DGP: Digital Platforms

  Digital Platforms are online businesses that facilitate interactions between users, such as e-commerce sites, content sharing services, and marketplaces. They connect buyers and sellers, content creators and consumers, and enable various online activities. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically to manage content, personalize user experiences, and ensure safe interactions. This involves preventing algorithmic biases, protecting user data, and avoiding practices that could lead to discrimination or exploitation. Examples include using AI to recommend content or products in a way that promotes diversity and avoids reinforcing harmful stereotypes. Implementing AI moderation tools to detect and remove inappropriate or illegal content while respecting freedom of expression and avoiding censorship of legitimate speech.

  TECH-EDU: Educational Technology Companies

  Educational Technology Companies develop tools and platforms that support teaching and learning processes. They create software, applications, and devices used in educational settings, from K-12 schools to higher education and corporate training. These companies are accountable for designing AI-powered educational tools that are accessible, inclusive, and respect students' privacy. They must prevent biases that could disadvantage certain learners and ensure that data collected is used responsibly. Examples include creating AI-driven personalized learning systems that adapt to individual students' needs without compromising their privacy. Developing educational platforms that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles.

  TECH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies

  Healthcare Technology Companies focus on developing technological solutions for the healthcare industry. They innovate in areas like electronic health records, telemedicine, medical imaging, and AI-driven diagnostics. These companies are accountable for ensuring that their AI technologies are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. They must obtain necessary regulatory approvals, protect patient data, and prevent biases in AI models that could lead to misdiagnosis. Examples include developing AI algorithms for medical imaging analysis that are trained on diverse datasets to provide accurate results across different populations. Implementing telehealth platforms that securely handle patient information and comply with healthcare privacy regulations.

  TECH-LTC: Legal Tech Companies

  Legal Tech Companies provide technology solutions for legal professionals and organizations. They develop software for case management, document automation, legal research, and AI-powered analytics. These companies are accountable for creating AI tools that enhance the legal profession ethically. They must ensure their products do not perpetuate biases, maintain client confidentiality, and support the integrity of legal processes. Examples include offering AI-driven legal research platforms that provide unbiased results, helping lawyers build fair cases. Designing contract analysis tools that protect sensitive information and comply with data protection laws.

  TECH-SHD: Smart Home Device Manufacturers

  Smart Home Device Manufacturers produce internet-connected devices used in homes, such as smart thermostats, security systems, voice assistants, and appliances. These devices often utilize AI to provide enhanced functionality and user convenience. These manufacturers are accountable for ensuring that their devices respect user privacy, are secure from unauthorized access, and do not collect excessive personal data. They must be transparent about data usage and provide users with control over their information. Examples include designing smart devices that operate effectively without constantly transmitting data to external servers, minimizing privacy risks. Implementing robust security measures to protect devices from hacking or misuse.

  TECH-SMP: Social Media Platforms

  Social Media Platforms are online services that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking. They play a significant role in information dissemination, communication, and shaping public discourse. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically in content moderation, recommendation algorithms, and advertising. They must prevent the spread of misinformation, protect user data, and avoid algorithmic biases that could lead to echo chambers or discrimination. Examples include using AI to detect and remove harmful content such as hate speech or incitement to violence while respecting freedom of expression. Implementing transparent algorithms that provide diverse perspectives and prevent the reinforcement of biases.

  TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies

  Telecommunications Companies provide communication services such as telephone, internet, and data transmission. They build and maintain the infrastructure that enables connectivity and digital communication globally. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to manage networks, improve services, and protect user data. They must ensure that AI applications do not infringe on privacy rights or enable unlawful surveillance. Examples include employing AI to optimize network performance, enhancing service quality without accessing or exploiting user communications. Using AI-driven security measures to protect networks from cyber threats while respecting legal obligations regarding data privacy.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in the technology and IT domain. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to drive innovation while safeguarding individual rights, promoting fairness, and building public trust in technological advancements.  

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AI’s Potential Violations #

[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could violate this human right.]

AI’s Potential Benefits #

[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could advance this human right.]

Human Rights Instruments #

United Nations Charter (1945) #

1 U.N.T.S. XVI, U.N. Charter (June 26, 1945)

Preamble

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED

to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the Dignity

Human dignity refers to the inherent worth and respect that every individual possesses, irrespective of their status, identity, or achievements. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), dignity emphasizes the need for AI systems to be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that respect, preserve, and even enhance this intrinsic human value. While many existing AI ethics guidelines reference dignity, they often leave it undefined, highlighting instead its close relationship to human rights and its role in avoiding harm, forced acceptance, automated classification, and unconsented interactions between humans and AI. Fundamentally, dignity serves as a cornerstone of ethical AI practices, requiring systems to prioritize human well-being and autonomy. The preservation of dignity in AI systems places significant ethical responsibilities on developers, organizations, and policymakers. Developers play a pivotal role in ensuring that AI technologies respect privacy and autonomy by safeguarding personal data and avoiding manipulative practices. Bias mitigation is another critical responsibility, as AI systems must strive to eliminate discriminatory outcomes that could undermine the dignity of individuals based on race, gender, age, or other characteristics. Furthermore, transparency and accountability in AI operations are essential for upholding dignity, as they provide mechanisms to understand and address the impacts of AI systems on individuals and communities. Governance and legislation are equally important in safeguarding human dignity in the AI landscape. New legal frameworks and regulations can mandate ethical development and deployment practices, with a focus on protecting human rights and dignity. Government-issued technical and methodological guidelines can provide developers with clear standards for ethical AI design. Additionally, international cooperation is essential to establish a unified, global approach to AI ethics, recognizing the cross-border implications of AI technologies. By embedding dignity into AI systems and governance structures, society can ensure that AI technologies respect and enhance human worth, fostering trust, equity, and ethical innovation.   Recommended Reading Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines." Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 389–399.    

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and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and

to establish conditions under which Justice

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and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and

to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger Freedom

Freedom means having the autonomy to make choices and act without undue interference or coercion from others. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights, it highlights each person’s right to self-determination and control over their own life and personal data, even as AI systems increasingly influence our daily decisions. Freedom is a cornerstone of human rights and a foundational principle in AI ethics, ensuring that technology upholds individual autonomy rather than undermining it. The rise of AI has a direct impact on fundamental freedoms—from freedom of expression online to the right to privacy—making it crucial that AI is developed and used in ways that respect and protect these rights. Legal frameworks worldwide recognize these freedoms; for example, data protection laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) give individuals more control over their personal information, reinforcing their freedom from unwarranted surveillance or data misuse. In practice, this means AI systems should be designed to empower users—allowing people to access information, form opinions, and make choices without being manipulated or unjustly restricted by algorithms.  

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,

AND FOR THESE ENDS

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and

to unite our strength to maintain international peace and Security

Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed to resist external threats and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and functionality. Security ensures AI systems are safeguarded against unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation, maintaining trust and reliability in AI technologies. This principle is particularly critical in sensitive domains such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences. Effective AI security emphasizes proactive measures, such as testing system resilience, sharing information about cyber threats, and implementing robust data protection strategies. Techniques like anonymization, de-identification, and data aggregation reduce risks to personal and sensitive information. Security by design—embedding security measures at every stage of an AI system’s lifecycle—is a cornerstone of this principle. This includes deploying fallback mechanisms, secure software protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and address potential threats. These measures not only protect AI systems but also foster trust among users and stakeholders by ensuring their safe and ethical operation. Challenges to achieving AI security include the increasing complexity of AI models, the sophistication of cyber threats, and the need to balance security with transparency and usability. As AI technologies often operate across borders, international cooperation is essential to establish and enforce global security standards. Collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, and civil society can create unified frameworks to address cross-border threats and ensure the ethical deployment of secure AI systems. Ultimately, the principle of security safeguards individual and organizational assets while upholding broader societal trust in AI. By prioritizing security in design, deployment, and governance, developers and policymakers can ensure AI technologies serve humanity responsibly and reliably. For Further Reading Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.

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, and

to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and

to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

Chapter 1(1;2)

To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and Self-determination

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of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) #

G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 16, 1966)

Article 1

1. All peoples have the right of Self-determination

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. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.

3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust

Trust in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the confidence users and stakeholders have in the reliability, safety, and ethical integrity of AI systems. It is a foundational principle in AI ethics and governance, essential for public acceptance and the responsible integration of AI technologies into society. Building trust requires AI systems to demonstrate transparency, fairness, and accountability throughout their design, deployment, and operation. A trustworthy AI system must consistently meet user expectations, deliver reliable outcomes, and align with societal values and norms. Trust extends beyond technical functionality to encompass ethical design principles and governance frameworks. Reliable and safe operation, protection of user privacy, and harm prevention are critical for fostering trust. Transparent and explainable systems enable users to understand AI decision-making processes, while fairness and non-discrimination ensure that AI does not perpetuate biases. Trust-building measures, such as certification processes (e.g., "Certificate of Fairness"), stakeholder engagement, and multi-stakeholder dialogues, play an important role in addressing diverse concerns and expectations. However, trust must be balanced with informed skepticism to prevent blind reliance on AI, especially in high-stakes applications like healthcare, law enforcement, and finance. Over-reliance on AI can lead to unintended consequences, including ethical lapses and harm. Maintaining trust requires continuous monitoring, robust accountability mechanisms, and adaptive governance structures to address emerging challenges and evolving technologies. Trust in AI is not a static attribute but an ongoing process. It necessitates collaboration among developers, users, and regulators to uphold ethical standards, protect societal values, and ensure that AI systems serve humanity responsibly and equitably. Recommended Reading Jessica Fjeld, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. "Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI ." Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.  

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Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of Self-determination

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, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) #

G.A. Res. 61/295, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, U.N. Doc. A/RES/61/295 (Sept. 13, 2007)

Article 3

Indigenous peoples have the right to Self-determination

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. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.