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[Insert statement of urgency and significance for why this right relates to AI.]
Sectors #
The contributors of the AI & Human Rights Index have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance this human right.
- ART: Arts and Culture
- BUS: Business
- COM: Media and Communication
- DEF: Defense and Military
- EDU: Education and Research
- ENV: Environmental and Energy
- FIN: Financial Services
- GOV: Government and Public Sector
- HLTH: Healthcare and Public Health
- INTL: International Organizations and Relations
- LAW: Legal and Law Enforcement
- REG: Regulatory and Oversight Bodies
- SOC: Social Services and Housing
- TECH: Technology
- TRAN: Transportation and Infrastructure
- WORK: Employment and Labor
AI’s Potential Violations #
[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could violate this human right.]
AI’s Potential Benefits #
[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could advance this human right.]
Human Rights Instruments #
Universal Declaration of Human Rights(1948) #
G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III) (Dec. 10, 1948)
Article 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, Trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 18
Everyone has the right to Freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes Freedom to change his religion or belief, and Freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(1966) #
G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 16, 1966)
Article 18
1. Everyone shall have the right to Freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include Freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and Freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his Freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
3. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public Safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.
Article 27
In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language.
Last Updated: September 15, 2025
Research Assistants: Aadith Muthukumar, Aarianna Aughtry
Contributors: Wandys M. Aquino, Aysha Fnu, Faith E. Mitchell, Leyna N. Nguyen, Sandra S. Tawadrous
Reviewer: To Be Determined
Editor: Dirk Brand
Subject: Human Right
Edition: Edition 1.0 Research
Recommended Citation: "II.J. Rights of Religious Minorities, Edition 1.0 Research." In AI & Human Rights Index, edited by Nathan C. Walker, Dirk Brand, Caitlin Corrigan, Georgina Curto Rex, Alexander Kriebitz, John Maldonado, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, and Tanya de Villiers-Botha. New York: All Tech is Human; Camden, NJ: AI Ethics Lab at Rutgers University, 2025. Accessed December 06, 2025. https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/ii-religious/.