Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

[Insert statement of urgency and significance for why this right relates to AI.]

Sectors #

The contributors of the AI & Human Rights Index have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance this human right.

EDU: Education and Research
The Education and Research sector encompasses institutions and organizations dedicated to teaching, learning, and scholarly investigation. This includes schools, universities, research institutes, and think tanks. The EDU sector plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge, fostering innovation, and shaping the minds of future generations.
EDU-INS: Educational Institutions
Educational Institutions include schools, colleges, and universities that provide formal education to students at various levels. They are responsible for delivering curricula, facilitating learning, and nurturing critical thinking skills. The EDU-INS sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically within educational settings. This commitment involves promoting equitable access to AI resources, protecting student data privacy, and preventing biases in AI-driven educational tools. By integrating ethical considerations into their use of AI, they can enhance learning outcomes while safeguarding students' rights. Examples include implementing AI-powered personalized learning platforms that adapt to individual student needs without compromising their privacy. Another example is using AI to detect and mitigate biases in educational materials, ensuring fair representation of diverse perspectives.
EDU-RES: Research Organizations
Research Organizations comprise universities, laboratories, and independent institutes engaged in scientific and scholarly research. They contribute to the advancement of knowledge across various fields, including AI and machine learning. These organizations are accountable for conducting AI research responsibly, adhering to ethical guidelines, and considering the societal implications of their work. They must ensure that their research does not contribute to human rights abuses and instead advances human welfare. Examples include conducting interdisciplinary research on AI ethics to inform policy and practice. Developing AI technologies that address social challenges, such as healthcare disparities or environmental sustainability, while ensuring that these technologies are accessible and do not exacerbate inequalities.
EDU-POL: Educational Policy Makers
Educational Policy Makers include government agencies, educational boards, and regulatory bodies that develop policies and standards for the education sector. They shape the educational landscape through legislation, funding, and oversight. They are accountable for creating policies that promote the ethical use of AI in education and research. This includes establishing guidelines for data privacy, equity in access to AI resources, and integration of AI ethics into curricula. Examples include drafting regulations that protect student data collected by AI tools, ensuring it is used appropriately and securely. Mandating the inclusion of AI ethics courses in educational programs to prepare students for responsible AI development and use.
EDU-TEC: Educational Technology Providers
Educational Technology Providers are companies and organizations that develop and supply technological tools and platforms for education. They create software, hardware, and AI applications that support teaching and learning processes. These providers are accountable for designing AI educational tools that are ethical, inclusive, and respect users' rights. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and ensure their products do not inadvertently harm or disadvantage any group. Examples include developing AI-driven learning apps that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles. Implementing robust data security measures to protect sensitive information collected through educational platforms.
EDU-FND: Educational Foundations and NGOs
Educational Foundations and NGOs are non-profit organizations focused on improving education systems and outcomes. They often support educational initiatives, fund research, and advocate for policy changes. They are accountable for promoting ethical AI practices in education through funding, advocacy, and program implementation. They can influence the sector by supporting projects that prioritize human rights and ethical considerations in AI. Examples include funding research on the impacts of AI in education to inform best practices. Advocating for policies that ensure equitable access to AI technologies in under-resourced schools, bridging the digital divide.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in education. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance learning while safeguarding the rights and dignity of all learners.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
GOV: Government and Public Sector
The Government and Public Sector encompasses all institutions and organizations that are part of the governmental framework at the local, regional, and national levels. This includes government agencies, civil registration services, economic planning bodies, public officials, public services, regulatory bodies, and government surveillance entities. The GOV sector is responsible for creating and implementing policies, providing public services, and upholding the rule of law. It plays a vital role in shaping society, promoting the welfare of citizens, and ensuring the effective functioning of the state.
GOV-AGY: Government Agencies
Government Agencies are administrative units of the government responsible for specific functions such as health, education, transportation, and environmental protection. They implement laws, deliver public services, and regulate various sectors. The GOV-AGY sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in public administration. This includes promoting transparency, protecting citizens' data, and preventing biases in AI systems that could lead to unfair treatment. By integrating ethical AI practices, government agencies can enhance service delivery while upholding human rights. Examples include using AI-powered chatbots to improve citizen access to information and services while ensuring data privacy and security. Implementing AI in processing applications or claims efficiently, without discriminating against any group based on race, gender, or socioeconomic status.
GOV-CRS: Civil Registration Services
Civil Registration Services are responsible for recording vital events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. They maintain official records essential for legal identity and access to services. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to manage and protect personal data. They must ensure that AI systems used in data processing do not compromise the privacy or security of individuals' sensitive information. Ethical AI use can improve accuracy and efficiency in maintaining civil records. Examples include employing AI to detect and correct errors in civil records, ensuring that individuals' legal identities are accurately reflected. Using AI to streamline the registration process, making it more accessible while safeguarding personal data against unauthorized access.
GOV-ECN: Economic Planning Bodies
Economic Planning Bodies are government entities that develop strategies for economic growth, resource allocation, and development policies. They analyze economic data to inform decision-making and promote national prosperity. The GOV-ECN sector is accountable for using AI in economic planning ethically. This involves ensuring that AI models do not perpetuate economic disparities or exclude marginalized communities from development benefits. By applying ethical AI, they can promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Examples include utilizing AI for economic forecasting to make informed policy decisions that benefit all segments of society. Implementing AI to assess the potential impact of economic policies on different demographics, thereby promoting equity and reducing inequality.
GOV-PPM: Public Officials
Public Officials include elected representatives and appointed officers who hold positions of authority within the government. They are responsible for making decisions, enacting laws, and overseeing the implementation of policies. Public officials are accountable for promoting the ethical use of AI in governance. They must ensure that AI technologies are used to enhance democratic processes, increase transparency, and protect citizens' rights. Their leadership is crucial in setting ethical standards and regulations for AI deployment. Examples include advocating for legislation that regulates AI use to prevent abuses such as mass surveillance or algorithmic discrimination. Using AI tools to engage with constituents more effectively, such as sentiment analysis on public feedback, while ensuring that such tools respect privacy and free speech rights.
GOV-PUB: Public Services
Public Services encompass various services provided by the government to its citizens, including healthcare, education, transportation, and public safety. These services aim to meet the needs of the public and improve quality of life. The GOV-PUB sector is accountable for integrating AI into public services ethically. This involves ensuring equitable access, preventing biases, and protecting user data. Ethical AI use can enhance service efficiency and effectiveness while respecting human rights. Examples include deploying AI in public healthcare systems to predict disease outbreaks and allocate resources efficiently, without compromising patient confidentiality. Using AI in public transportation to optimize routes and schedules, improving accessibility while safeguarding passenger data.
GOV-REG: Regulatory Bodies
Regulatory Bodies are government agencies tasked with overseeing specific industries or activities to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. They protect public interests by enforcing standards and addressing misconduct. These bodies are accountable for regulating the ethical use of AI across various sectors. They must develop guidelines and enforce compliance to prevent AI-related abuses, such as discrimination or privacy violations. Their role is critical in setting the framework for responsible AI deployment. Examples include establishing regulations that require transparency in AI algorithms used by companies, ensuring they do not discriminate against consumers. Monitoring and auditing AI systems to verify compliance with data protection laws and ethical standards.
GOV-SUR: Government Surveillance
Government Surveillance entities are responsible for monitoring activities for purposes such as national security, law enforcement, and public safety. They collect and analyze data to detect and prevent criminal activities and threats. The GOV-SUR sector is accountable for ensuring that AI used in surveillance respects human rights, including the rights to privacy and freedom of expression. They must balance security objectives with individual freedoms, adhering to legal frameworks and ethical standards. Examples include implementing AI-driven surveillance systems with strict oversight to prevent misuse and unauthorized access. Employing AI for specific, targeted investigations with appropriate warrants and legal processes, avoiding mass surveillance practices that infringe on citizens' rights.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights within government and public services. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance governance, protect citizens, and promote transparency and fairness in public administration.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
INTL: International Organizations and Relations
The International Organizations and Relations sector encompasses entities that operate across national borders to address global challenges, promote cooperation, and uphold international laws and standards. This includes international courts, diplomatic organizations, development agencies, governmental organizations, human rights organizations, humanitarian organizations, monitoring bodies, non-governmental organizations, peacekeeping organizations, and refugee organizations. The INTL sector plays a crucial role in fostering peace, advancing human rights, facilitating humanitarian aid, and promoting sustainable development worldwide.
INTL-CRT: International Courts
International Courts are judicial bodies that adjudicate disputes between states, individuals, and organizations under international law. Examples include the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). These courts are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in legal proceedings and judicial administration. This involves using AI to enhance efficiency and access to justice while safeguarding due process rights, preventing biases, and maintaining transparency. By integrating ethical AI practices, international courts can uphold justice and human rights more effectively. Examples include employing AI for case management systems that organize and prioritize cases efficiently without compromising the fairness of proceedings. Using AI-assisted legal research tools to aid judges and lawyers in accessing relevant international laws and precedents, ensuring comprehensive and unbiased consideration of legal matters.
INTL-DIP: Diplomatic Organizations
Diplomatic Organizations consist of foreign affairs ministries, embassies, and diplomatic missions that manage international relations on behalf of states. They negotiate treaties, represent national interests, and foster cooperation between countries. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in diplomacy. This includes respecting privacy in communications, preventing misinformation, and promoting transparency. Ethical AI can enhance diplomatic efforts by providing data-driven insights while maintaining trust and respecting international norms. Examples include utilizing AI for language translation services to improve communication between diplomats of different nations, ensuring accuracy and cultural sensitivity. Implementing AI analytics to monitor global trends and inform foreign policy decisions without infringing on the sovereignty or rights of other nations.
INTL-DEV: Development Agencies
Development Agencies are organizations dedicated to promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving living standards in developing countries. This includes entities like the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank. They are accountable for using AI ethically to advance sustainable development goals. This involves ensuring that AI initiatives do not exacerbate inequalities or infringe on local communities' rights. By adopting ethical AI, development agencies can enhance the effectiveness of their programs while promoting inclusive growth. Examples include deploying AI to analyze economic data and identify areas in need of investment, ensuring that interventions benefit marginalized populations. Using AI in agriculture to improve crop yields for smallholder farmers while safeguarding their land rights and traditional practices.
INTL-GOV: Governmental Organizations
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) are entities formed by treaties between governments to work on common interests. Examples include the United Nations (UN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These organizations are accountable for setting ethical standards for AI use globally and ensuring that their own use of AI aligns with human rights principles. They must promote cooperation in regulating AI technologies and preventing their misuse. Examples include developing international guidelines for AI ethics that member states can adopt, fostering a coordinated approach to AI governance. Implementing AI in health surveillance to track disease outbreaks globally, ensuring data privacy and equitable access to healthcare resources.
INTL-HRN: Human Rights Organizations
Human Rights Organizations work to protect and promote human rights as defined by international law. They monitor violations, advocate for victims, and promote awareness of human rights issues. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance their advocacy and monitoring efforts. This includes protecting the privacy of vulnerable individuals, preventing biases in data analysis, and ensuring transparency. Examples include using AI to analyze large volumes of data from social media and reports to identify potential human rights abuses while anonymizing data to protect identities. Employing AI translation tools to make human rights documents accessible in multiple languages, promoting global awareness.
INTL-HUM: Humanitarian Organizations
Humanitarian Organizations provide aid and relief during emergencies and crises, such as natural disasters, conflicts, and epidemics. Examples include the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). They are accountable for using AI ethically to deliver aid effectively while respecting the dignity and rights of affected populations. This involves ensuring that AI does not infringe on privacy or exacerbate vulnerabilities. Examples include using AI to optimize logistics for delivering humanitarian aid, ensuring timely assistance without collecting unnecessary personal data. Implementing AI in needs assessments to identify the most vulnerable populations while obtaining informed consent and protecting sensitive information.
INTL-MON: Monitoring Bodies
Monitoring Bodies are organizations that observe and report on compliance with international agreements, such as human rights treaties or ceasefire agreements. They provide accountability and transparency in international affairs. These bodies are accountable for using AI ethically in monitoring activities. This includes ensuring accuracy, preventing biases, and respecting the rights of those being monitored. Ethical AI use can enhance their ability to detect violations without infringing on individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to analyze satellite imagery for signs of conflict escalation or human rights abuses while ensuring data is used responsibly. Using AI to process large datasets from various sources to monitor compliance with environmental agreements, promoting transparency.
INTL-NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operate independently of governments to address social, environmental, and humanitarian issues. They advocate for policy changes, provide services, and raise public awareness. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in their programs and advocacy efforts. This involves protecting data privacy, preventing algorithmic biases, and promoting inclusivity. Ethical AI can amplify their impact while respecting the rights of those they serve. Examples include using AI to analyze environmental data for conservation efforts without infringing on indigenous peoples' land rights. Implementing AI-powered platforms to engage with supporters and the public, ensuring accessibility and preventing misinformation.
INTL-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations
Peacekeeping Organizations operate under international mandates to help maintain or restore peace in conflict zones. They deploy military and civilian personnel to support ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist in political processes. They are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance peacekeeping missions while upholding human rights standards. This includes ensuring AI aids in protecting vulnerable populations without exacerbating conflicts or infringing on rights. Examples include utilizing AI-powered data analytics to predict conflict hotspots and allocate resources effectively, thereby preventing violence. Deploying AI systems for monitoring compliance with peace agreements while ensuring that data collection respects the privacy and consent of local communities.
INTL-REF: Refugee Organizations
Refugee Organizations work to protect and support refugees and displaced persons worldwide. Examples include the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and various NGOs dedicated to refugee assistance. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to improve the lives of refugees while safeguarding their rights. This involves protecting sensitive personal data, preventing discrimination, and ensuring equitable access to services. Examples include employing AI to manage refugee registration efficiently while ensuring data security and consent. Using AI translation tools to facilitate communication between refugees and service providers, enhancing access to essential services without language barriers.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights on a global scale. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to foster international cooperation, uphold justice, promote peace, and support vulnerable populations while respecting the rights and dignity of all individuals.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
LAW: Legal and Law Enforcement
The Legal and Law Enforcement sector encompasses institutions and organizations responsible for upholding the law, ensuring justice, and maintaining public safety. This includes correctional facilities, law enforcement agencies, government surveillance programs, immigration and border control, judicial systems, legal tech companies, and private security firms. The LAW sector plays a critical role in protecting citizens' rights, enforcing laws, administering justice, and preserving social order.
LAW-COR: Correctional Facilities
Correctional Facilities include prisons, jails, and rehabilitation centers where individuals convicted of crimes serve their sentences. They aim to protect society, punish wrongdoing, and rehabilitate offenders for reintegration into the community. These facilities are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically to improve safety, rehabilitation, and operational efficiency without violating inmates' rights. This involves respecting privacy, preventing discriminatory practices, and promoting humane treatment. Ethical AI use can enhance rehabilitation efforts and support inmates' rights. Examples include using AI to assess inmates' needs and tailor rehabilitation programs accordingly, ensuring fair opportunities for all individuals. Implementing AI-powered monitoring systems to prevent violence or self-harm, while ensuring that surveillance respects privacy and is not overly intrusive.
LAW-ENF: Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement agencies include police departments, federal investigative bodies, and other entities responsible for enforcing laws, preventing crime, and protecting citizens. They maintain public order and safety through various means, including patrols, investigations, and community engagement. The LAW-ENF sector is accountable for using AI ethically in policing activities. This includes preventing biases in AI systems used for predictive policing, facial recognition, or resource allocation. They must protect citizens' rights to privacy, due process, and equal treatment under the law. Examples include employing AI analytics to identify crime patterns and allocate resources effectively without targeting specific communities unfairly. Using AI-powered tools to assist in investigations while ensuring that data collection and analysis comply with legal standards and respect individual rights.
LAW-GSP: Government Surveillance Programs
Government Surveillance Programs involve monitoring and collecting data by government agencies to enhance national security and public safety. They use technologies, including AI, to detect and prevent criminal activities, terrorism, and other threats to society. This sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in surveillance programs. They must balance security objectives with the protection of individual freedoms, adhering to legal frameworks and human rights standards to prevent unlawful surveillance and violations of privacy rights. Examples include implementing AI systems that anonymize personal data to prevent profiling and discrimination while identifying potential security threats. Establishing oversight committees to monitor AI surveillance tools, ensuring compliance with privacy laws and civil liberties.
LAW-IMM: Immigration and Border Control
Immigration and Border Control agencies manage the movement of people across national borders. They enforce immigration laws, process visas and asylum applications, and protect against illegal entry and trafficking. These agencies are accountable for using AI ethically to facilitate lawful immigration and enhance border security while respecting human rights. This includes preventing discriminatory practices, ensuring fair treatment of all individuals, and protecting sensitive personal information. Examples include using AI to streamline visa application processes, making them more efficient and accessible while safeguarding applicants' data. Implementing AI systems for risk assessment at borders that are free from biases and do not discriminate based on nationality, ethnicity, or religion.
LAW-JUD: Judicial Systems
Judicial Systems comprise courts and related institutions responsible for interpreting laws, adjudicating disputes, and administering justice. They ensure that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and follow due process. The LAW-JUD sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in judicial processes. This involves using AI to enhance efficiency and access to justice while preventing biases in decision-making algorithms. They must maintain transparency and uphold the principles of fairness and equality before the law. Examples include employing AI for case management to reduce backlogs and expedite proceedings without compromising the quality of justice. Using AI tools to assist in legal research, providing judges and lawyers with comprehensive information while ensuring that recommendations do not introduce bias into judgments.
LAW-LTC: Legal Tech Companies
Legal Tech Companies develop technology solutions for the legal industry, including software for case management, document automation, legal research, and AI-powered analytics. These companies are accountable for designing AI tools that support the legal profession ethically. They must ensure that their products do not perpetuate biases, compromise client confidentiality, or undermine the integrity of legal processes. Examples include creating AI-driven legal research platforms that provide unbiased and comprehensive results, aiding lawyers in building fair cases. Developing AI tools for contract analysis that protect sensitive information and adhere to data privacy regulations.
LAW-SEC: Private Security Firms
Private Security Firms offer security services to individuals, businesses, and organizations. Their services include guarding property, personal protection, surveillance, and risk assessment. The LAW-SEC sector is accountable for using AI ethically to enhance security services without infringing on individuals' rights. This involves respecting privacy, avoiding discriminatory practices, and ensuring transparency in surveillance activities. Examples include implementing AI-powered surveillance systems that detect potential security threats while anonymizing data to protect privacy. Using AI for access control systems that verify identities without storing excessive personal information or discriminating against certain groups.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights within legal and law enforcement contexts. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to uphold justice, protect citizens, and ensure that the enforcement of laws does not come at the expense of individual freedoms and dignity.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
REG: Regulatory and Oversight Bodies
The Regulatory and Oversight Bodies sector encompasses organizations responsible for creating, implementing, and enforcing regulations, as well as monitoring compliance across various industries. This includes regulatory agencies, data protection authorities, ethics committees, oversight bodies, and other regulatory entities. The REG sector plays a critical role in ensuring that laws and standards are upheld, protecting public interests, promoting fair practices, and safeguarding human rights in the context of technological advancements like artificial intelligence (AI).
REG-AGY: Regulatory Agencies
Regulatory Agencies are government-appointed bodies tasked with creating and enforcing rules and regulations within specific industries or sectors. They oversee compliance with laws, issue licenses, conduct inspections, and take enforcement actions when necessary. These agencies are accountable for ensuring that AI technologies within their jurisdictions are developed and used ethically and responsibly. This involves setting standards for AI deployment, preventing abuses, and promoting practices that advance human rights. By regulating AI effectively, they help prevent harm and foster public trust in technological innovations. Examples include establishing guidelines for AI transparency and accountability in industries like finance or healthcare, ensuring that AI systems do not discriminate or violate privacy rights. Enforcing regulations that require companies to conduct human rights impact assessments before deploying AI technologies.
REG-DPA: Data Protection Authorities
Data Protection Authorities are specialized regulatory bodies responsible for overseeing the implementation of data protection laws and safeguarding individuals' personal information. They monitor compliance, handle complaints, and have the power to enforce penalties for violations. These authorities are accountable for ensuring that AI systems handling personal data comply with data protection principles such as lawfulness, fairness, transparency, and data minimization. They play a crucial role in preventing privacy infringements and promoting the ethical use of AI in processing personal information. Examples include reviewing and approving AI data processing activities to ensure they meet legal requirements. Investigating breaches involving AI systems and imposing sanctions on organizations that misuse personal data or fail to protect it adequately.
REG-ETH: Ethics Committees
Ethics Committees are groups of experts who evaluate the ethical implications of policies, research projects, or technological developments. They provide guidance, assess compliance with ethical standards, and make recommendations to ensure responsible conduct. These committees are accountable for scrutinizing AI initiatives to identify potential ethical issues, such as biases, unfair treatment, or risks to human dignity. By promoting ethical considerations in AI development and deployment, they help prevent human rights abuses and encourage technologies that benefit society. Examples include reviewing AI research proposals to ensure they respect participants' rights and obtain informed consent. Providing guidance on ethical AI practices for organizations, helping them integrate ethical principles into their AI strategies and operations.
REG-OVS: Oversight Bodies
Oversight Bodies are organizations or committees tasked with monitoring and evaluating the activities of institutions, agencies, or specific sectors to ensure accountability and compliance with laws and regulations. They may be independent or part of a governmental framework. These bodies are accountable for overseeing the use of AI across various domains, ensuring that organizations adhere to legal and ethical standards. They help detect and address potential abuses, promoting transparency and fostering public confidence in AI technologies. Examples include auditing government agencies' use of AI to verify compliance with human rights obligations and data protection laws. Recommending corrective actions or policy changes when AI applications are found to have negative impacts on individuals or communities.
REG-RBY: Regulatory Bodies
Regulatory Bodies are official organizations that establish and enforce rules within specific professional fields or industries. They set standards, issue certifications, and may discipline members who do not comply with established norms. These bodies are accountable for incorporating AI considerations into their regulatory frameworks, ensuring that professionals using AI adhere to ethical guidelines and best practices. They play a key role in preventing malpractice and promoting the responsible use of AI. Examples include a medical board setting standards for AI-assisted diagnostics, ensuring that healthcare providers use AI tools that are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. A legal bar association providing guidelines on AI use in legal practice to prevent biases and maintain client confidentiality.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, enforcement, and oversight of regulations and standards governing AI technologies. Through diligent regulation and monitoring, they ensure that AI is used to benefit society while safeguarding individual rights and upholding public trust.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
SOC: Social Services and Housing
The Social Services and Housing sector encompasses organizations and agencies dedicated to providing support, assistance, and essential services to individuals and communities in need. This includes child welfare organizations, community support services, homeless shelters, housing authorities, non-profit organizations, social services, and welfare agencies. The SOC sector plays a vital role in promoting social welfare, reducing inequalities, and enhancing the quality of life for vulnerable populations.
SOC-CHA: Child Welfare Organizations
Child Welfare Organizations are dedicated to the well-being and protection of children. They work to prevent abuse and neglect, provide foster care and adoption services, and support families to ensure safe and nurturing environments for children. These organizations are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically to enhance child protection efforts while safeguarding children's rights and privacy. This includes preventing biases in AI systems that could lead to unfair treatment or discrimination against certain groups of children or families. By integrating ethical AI practices, they can improve the effectiveness of interventions and promote the best interests of the child. Examples include using AI to analyze data and identify risk factors for child abuse or neglect, enabling proactive support while ensuring data confidentiality. Implementing AI tools to match children with suitable foster families more efficiently, considering the child's needs and preferences without bias.
SOC-COM: Community Support Services
Community Support Services provide assistance and resources to individuals and families within a community. They address various needs, such as counseling, education, employment support, and access to healthcare. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance service delivery and accessibility while respecting clients' rights and privacy. This involves preventing discrimination, ensuring inclusivity, and protecting sensitive information. Ethical AI can help tailor support to individual needs and improve outcomes. Examples include utilizing AI-driven platforms to connect community members with appropriate services and resources based on their unique circumstances, ensuring equitable access. Employing AI to analyze community needs and trends, informing program development and resource allocation without compromising individual privacy.
SOC-HOM: Homeless Shelters
Homeless Shelters provide temporary housing, food, and support services to individuals and families experiencing homelessness. They aim to meet immediate needs and assist clients in transitioning to stable housing. These shelters are accountable for using AI ethically to improve service efficiency and support clients while protecting their dignity and rights. This includes safeguarding personal data, preventing biases in service provision, and ensuring that AI does not create barriers to access. Examples include implementing AI systems to manage shelter capacity and resources effectively, ensuring that services are available when needed without disclosing personal information. Using AI to identify patterns that lead to homelessness, informing prevention strategies and policy interventions while respecting clients' privacy.
SOC-HOU: Housing Authorities
Housing Authorities are government agencies or organizations that develop, manage, and provide affordable housing options for low-income individuals and families. They work to ensure access to safe, decent, and affordable housing. These authorities are accountable for using AI ethically to allocate housing resources fairly and efficiently. This involves preventing discriminatory practices in housing assignments, protecting applicants' data, and promoting transparency in decision-making processes. Examples include employing AI algorithms to assess housing applications objectively, ensuring equal opportunity regardless of race, gender, or socioeconomic status. Using AI to predict maintenance needs in housing units, improving living conditions without infringing on residents' rights.
SOC-NPO: Non-Profit Organizations
Non-Profit Organizations in the social services sector work to address various social issues, such as poverty, hunger, education, and healthcare. They operate based on charitable missions rather than profit motives. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance their programs and services while upholding beneficiaries' rights. This includes ensuring inclusivity, protecting data privacy, and avoiding biases that could disadvantage certain groups. Examples include utilizing AI to optimize fundraising efforts, targeting campaigns effectively without exploiting donor data. Implementing AI-driven tools to evaluate program effectiveness, informing improvements while respecting the privacy of those served.
SOC-SVC: Social Services
Social Services encompass a range of government-provided services aimed at supporting individuals and families in need. This includes financial assistance, disability services, elderly care, and employment support. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to deliver support efficiently while ensuring fairness and protecting clients' rights. They must prevent biases in eligibility assessments, safeguard personal information, and ensure that AI enhances rather than hinders access to services. Examples include using AI to process applications for assistance more quickly, reducing wait times while ensuring that eligibility criteria are applied consistently and fairly. Employing AI chatbots to provide information and guidance to applicants, improving accessibility while maintaining confidentiality.
SOC-WEL: Welfare Agencies
Welfare Agencies are government bodies that administer public assistance programs to support the economically disadvantaged. They provide services such as income support, food assistance, and healthcare subsidies. These agencies are accountable for using AI ethically to manage welfare programs effectively while upholding the rights and dignity of beneficiaries. This involves preventing errors or biases that could lead to wrongful denial of benefits, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring transparency. Examples include implementing AI systems to detect and prevent fraud in welfare programs without unjustly targeting or penalizing legitimate beneficiaries. Using AI analytics to identify trends and needs within the population served, informing policy decisions while safeguarding individual privacy. Summar By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in social services and housing. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance support for vulnerable populations, promote fairness and inclusivity, and ensure that the use of AI respects the rights, dignity, and privacy of all individuals.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
TECH: Technology and IT
The Technology and IT sector encompasses companies and organizations involved in the development, production, and maintenance of technology products and services. This includes technology companies, cybersecurity firms, digital platforms, educational technology companies, healthcare technology companies, legal tech companies, smart home device manufacturers, social media platforms, and telecommunications companies. The TECH sector plays a pivotal role in driving innovation, connecting people globally, and shaping how societies operate in the digital age.
TECH-COM: Technology Companies
Technology Companies are businesses that develop and sell technology products or services, such as software developers, hardware manufacturers, and IT service providers. They are at the forefront of technological advancements and influence various aspects of modern life. These companies are accountable for ensuring that AI is developed and deployed ethically, promoting transparency, fairness, and accountability. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and consider the societal impact of their technologies. By integrating ethical AI practices, they can foster trust and contribute positively to society. Examples include developing AI applications that respect user privacy by minimizing data collection and implementing strong security measures. Creating AI systems that are transparent and explainable, allowing users to understand how decisions are made and challenging them if necessary.
TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms
Cybersecurity Firms specialize in protecting computer systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, or damage. They offer services like threat detection, vulnerability assessments, and incident response. These firms are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance cybersecurity while respecting privacy and legal boundaries. They must ensure that AI tools do not infringe on users' rights or engage in unauthorized surveillance. Ethical AI use can strengthen defenses against cyber threats without compromising individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time, protecting organizations and users from harm while ensuring that monitoring activities comply with privacy laws. Providing AI-driven security solutions that help organizations safeguard data without accessing or misusing sensitive information.
TECH-DGP: Digital Platforms
Digital Platforms are online businesses that facilitate interactions between users, such as e-commerce sites, content sharing services, and marketplaces. They connect buyers and sellers, content creators and consumers, and enable various online activities. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically to manage content, personalize user experiences, and ensure safe interactions. This involves preventing algorithmic biases, protecting user data, and avoiding practices that could lead to discrimination or exploitation. Examples include using AI to recommend content or products in a way that promotes diversity and avoids reinforcing harmful stereotypes. Implementing AI moderation tools to detect and remove inappropriate or illegal content while respecting freedom of expression and avoiding censorship of legitimate speech.
TECH-EDU: Educational Technology Companies
Educational Technology Companies develop tools and platforms that support teaching and learning processes. They create software, applications, and devices used in educational settings, from K-12 schools to higher education and corporate training. These companies are accountable for designing AI-powered educational tools that are accessible, inclusive, and respect students' privacy. They must prevent biases that could disadvantage certain learners and ensure that data collected is used responsibly. Examples include creating AI-driven personalized learning systems that adapt to individual students' needs without compromising their privacy. Developing educational platforms that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles.
TECH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies
Healthcare Technology Companies focus on developing technological solutions for the healthcare industry. They innovate in areas like electronic health records, telemedicine, medical imaging, and AI-driven diagnostics. These companies are accountable for ensuring that their AI technologies are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. They must obtain necessary regulatory approvals, protect patient data, and prevent biases in AI models that could lead to misdiagnosis. Examples include developing AI algorithms for medical imaging analysis that are trained on diverse datasets to provide accurate results across different populations. Implementing telehealth platforms that securely handle patient information and comply with healthcare privacy regulations.
TECH-LTC: Legal Tech Companies
Legal Tech Companies provide technology solutions for legal professionals and organizations. They develop software for case management, document automation, legal research, and AI-powered analytics. These companies are accountable for creating AI tools that enhance the legal profession ethically. They must ensure their products do not perpetuate biases, maintain client confidentiality, and support the integrity of legal processes. Examples include offering AI-driven legal research platforms that provide unbiased results, helping lawyers build fair cases. Designing contract analysis tools that protect sensitive information and comply with data protection laws.
TECH-SHD: Smart Home Device Manufacturers
Smart Home Device Manufacturers produce internet-connected devices used in homes, such as smart thermostats, security systems, voice assistants, and appliances. These devices often utilize AI to provide enhanced functionality and user convenience. These manufacturers are accountable for ensuring that their devices respect user privacy, are secure from unauthorized access, and do not collect excessive personal data. They must be transparent about data usage and provide users with control over their information. Examples include designing smart devices that operate effectively without constantly transmitting data to external servers, minimizing privacy risks. Implementing robust security measures to protect devices from hacking or misuse.
TECH-SMP: Social Media Platforms
Social Media Platforms are online services that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking. They play a significant role in information dissemination, communication, and shaping public discourse. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically in content moderation, recommendation algorithms, and advertising. They must prevent the spread of misinformation, protect user data, and avoid algorithmic biases that could lead to echo chambers or discrimination. Examples include using AI to detect and remove harmful content such as hate speech or incitement to violence while respecting freedom of expression. Implementing transparent algorithms that provide diverse perspectives and prevent the reinforcement of biases.
TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies
Telecommunications Companies provide communication services such as telephone, internet, and data transmission. They build and maintain the infrastructure that enables connectivity and digital communication globally. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to manage networks, improve services, and protect user data. They must ensure that AI applications do not infringe on privacy rights or enable unlawful surveillance. Examples include employing AI to optimize network performance, enhancing service quality without accessing or exploiting user communications. Using AI-driven security measures to protect networks from cyber threats while respecting legal obligations regarding data privacy.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in the technology and IT domain. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to drive innovation while safeguarding individual rights, promoting fairness, and building public trust in technological advancements.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
TRAN: Transportation and Infrastructure
The Transportation and Infrastructure sector encompasses organizations and entities involved in the movement of people and goods, as well as the development and maintenance of transportation systems and infrastructure. This includes airlines, the automotive industry, infrastructure development firms, public transportation systems, transportation services, travel companies, and urban planning. The TRAN sector plays a critical role in enabling mobility, supporting economic growth, and shaping the built environment.
TRAN-AIR: Airlines
Airlines are companies that provide air transport services for passengers and cargo. They operate aircraft, manage flight operations, and ensure the safety and comfort of travelers. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance safety, efficiency, and customer experience while respecting passenger rights. This involves ensuring that AI systems used in operations and customer service do not discriminate, infringe on privacy, or compromise safety standards. By integrating ethical AI practices, airlines can improve services while upholding human rights. Examples include utilizing AI for flight path optimization to reduce fuel consumption and emissions without compromising safety. Implementing AI-powered customer service chatbots that provide assistance while protecting passenger data and ensuring accessibility for all customers.
TRAN-AUT: Automotive Industry
The Automotive Industry includes manufacturers, suppliers, and dealers involved in the design, production, and sale of motor vehicles. This sector is increasingly integrating AI technologies in vehicles and manufacturing processes. These companies are accountable for ensuring that AI in vehicles, such as autonomous driving systems, is safe, reliable, and respects user privacy. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms that could affect safety features or accessibility. Ethical AI use is essential for building public trust and advancing transportation safety. Examples include developing AI-driven autonomous vehicles that adhere to strict safety standards and are tested thoroughly to prevent accidents. Using AI in manufacturing to improve efficiency and worker safety without displacing jobs unfairly or violating labor rights.
TRAN-INF: Infrastructure Development Firms
Infrastructure Development Firms specialize in planning, designing, and constructing infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, tunnels, and public facilities. They play a key role in developing the physical framework of societies. These firms are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance project efficiency, sustainability, and safety while considering the impact on communities. They must ensure that AI applications do not lead to environmental degradation or displacement of populations without fair compensation or consent. Examples include employing AI for predictive maintenance of infrastructure, identifying potential issues before they become hazardous, thus protecting public safety. Using AI in planning to optimize infrastructure design for minimal environmental impact and equitable access for all community members.
TRAN-PTS: Public Transportation Systems
Public Transportation Systems include buses, subways, trains, and other forms of mass transit operated by government entities or private companies. They provide essential mobility services to the public. These systems are accountable for using AI ethically to improve service efficiency, accessibility, and user experience while respecting passenger rights. This involves preventing surveillance practices that infringe on privacy, ensuring equitable access, and avoiding biases in service provision. Examples include implementing AI for dynamic scheduling and routing to reduce wait times and overcrowding, benefiting all users. Using AI-powered ticketing systems that are accessible to people with disabilities and do not exclude individuals without access to digital technologies.
TRAN-TRS: Transportation Services
Transportation Services encompass companies that provide various transport solutions, such as ride-sharing services, logistics providers, and freight companies. They facilitate the movement of people and goods locally and globally. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically in operations, ensuring fairness, safety, and respect for user privacy. They must prevent discriminatory practices in pricing or service availability and protect the data of users and drivers. Examples include using AI algorithms for ride-sharing that fairly distribute ride opportunities among drivers and avoid surge pricing practices that exploit customers. Employing AI in logistics to optimize delivery routes, reducing emissions and improving efficiency without infringing on workers' rights.
TRAN-TRV: Travel Companies
Travel Companies offer services related to travel planning, booking, and management, including travel agencies, booking platforms, and tour operators. They connect travelers with transportation, accommodation, and experiences. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance customer experience while protecting personal data and ensuring fair practices. They must avoid biases in recommendations and pricing that could discriminate against certain groups. Examples include implementing AI for personalized travel recommendations that respect user preferences without unfairly limiting options. Using AI in customer service to assist travelers efficiently while safeguarding their personal and payment information.
TRAN-URB: Urban Planning
Urban Planning involves the development and design of land use and the built environment in urban areas. Urban planners work on zoning, infrastructure, transportation networks, and public spaces to create functional and sustainable cities. Urban planners are accountable for using AI ethically to inform decisions that impact communities. This includes ensuring that AI tools do not perpetuate social inequalities, infringe on residents' rights, or exclude marginalized populations from the benefits of urban development. Examples include using AI to model urban growth scenarios that consider the needs of all residents, promoting equitable access to services and amenities. Implementing AI in traffic management to reduce congestion and emissions without violating privacy through excessive surveillance.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in transportation and infrastructure. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to improve mobility, enhance safety, and build sustainable environments while respecting the rights, dignity, and privacy of all individuals.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
WORK: Employment and Labor
The Employment and Labor sector encompasses organizations, institutions, and entities involved in the facilitation of employment, protection of workers' rights, development of workforce skills, and management of labor relations. This includes employment agencies, government employment services, gig economy workers' associations, human resources departments, job training and placement services, labor unions, vocational training centers, and workers' rights organizations. The WORK sector plays a crucial role in promoting fair labor practices, enhancing employment opportunities, and ensuring that workers' rights are respected and upheld.
WORK-EMP: Employment Agencies
Employment Agencies are organizations that connect job seekers with employers. They provide services such as job placement, career counseling, and recruitment for temporary or permanent positions across various industries. These agencies are accountable for using AI ethically to match candidates with job opportunities fairly and efficiently. This involves preventing biases in AI algorithms that could discriminate against applicants based on race, gender, age, or other protected characteristics. By integrating ethical AI practices, employment agencies can promote equal employment opportunities and enhance diversity in the workplace. Examples include utilizing AI-powered applicant tracking systems that screen resumes objectively, ensuring that all qualified candidates are considered without bias. Implementing AI tools to match job seekers with suitable positions based on skills and preferences while protecting personal data and respecting privacy.
WORK-GES: Government Employment Services
Government Employment Services are public agencies that provide assistance to job seekers and employers. They offer services like job listings, unemployment benefits administration, career counseling, and workforce development programs. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to improve service delivery and accessibility while upholding the rights of job seekers. They must ensure that AI applications do not introduce barriers to employment or unfairly disadvantage certain groups. Ethical AI use can enhance the efficiency of employment services and support economic inclusion. Examples include employing AI to analyze labor market trends and identify sectors with job growth, informing policy decisions and training programs. Using AI-driven platforms to connect job seekers with opportunities, ensuring that services are accessible to individuals with disabilities or limited digital literacy.
WORK-GIG: Gig Economy Workers' Associations
Gig Economy Workers' Associations represent the interests of individuals engaged in short-term, freelance, or contract work, often facilitated through digital platforms. They advocate for fair treatment, reasonable pay, and access to benefits for gig workers. These associations are accountable for promoting ethical AI use within gig platforms to protect workers' rights. This includes ensuring that AI algorithms used for task allocation, performance evaluation, or payment do not exploit workers or perpetuate unfair practices. Examples include advocating for transparency in AI algorithms that determine job assignments or ratings, allowing workers to understand and contest decisions that affect their income. Working with platforms to implement AI systems that ensure fair distribution of work and prevent discrimination.
WORK-HRD: Human Resources Departments
Human Resources Departments within organizations manage employee relations, recruitment, training, benefits, and compliance with labor laws. They play a key role in shaping workplace culture and practices. These departments are accountable for using AI ethically in HR processes, such as recruitment, performance evaluation, and employee engagement. They must prevent biases in AI tools that could lead to discriminatory hiring or unfair treatment of employees. Examples include implementing AI-driven recruitment software that screens candidates based on relevant qualifications without considering irrelevant factors like gender or ethnicity. Using AI for employee feedback analysis to improve workplace conditions while ensuring confidentiality and data protection.
WORK-JOB: Job Training and Placement Services
Job Training and Placement Services provide education, skills development, and assistance in finding employment. They help individuals enhance their employability and connect with job opportunities. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to tailor training programs to individual needs and match candidates with suitable jobs. They must ensure that AI applications do not exclude or disadvantage certain learners and protect participants' personal information. Examples include using AI to assess skill gaps and recommend personalized training pathways, improving employment outcomes without compromising privacy. Employing AI to match trainees with employers seeking specific skills, promoting efficient job placement while ensuring fairness.
WORK-LBU: Labor Unions
Labor Unions are organizations that represent workers in negotiations with employers over wages, benefits, working conditions, and other employment terms. They advocate for workers' rights and interests. These unions are accountable for leveraging AI ethically to support their advocacy efforts while protecting members' rights. This includes using AI to analyze labor data without violating privacy and ensuring that AI tools do not replace human judgment in critical decisions. Examples include employing AI to identify trends in workplace issues, informing collective bargaining strategies while safeguarding members' personal information. Using AI-driven communication platforms to engage with members effectively, ensuring inclusivity and accessibility.
WORK-VTC: Vocational Training Centers
Vocational Training Centers provide education and training focused on specific trades or professions. They equip individuals with practical skills required for particular jobs, supporting workforce development. These centers are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance learning experiences and outcomes. They must ensure that AI-powered educational tools are accessible, inclusive, and do not perpetuate biases or inequalities. Examples include implementing AI-driven tutoring systems that adapt to learners' needs, supporting diverse learning styles without compromising data privacy. Using AI analytics to track student progress and inform instructional strategies while respecting confidentiality.
WORK-WRO: Workers' Rights Organizations
Workers' Rights Organizations advocate for the protection and advancement of labor rights. They monitor compliance with labor laws, support workers facing discrimination or exploitation, and promote fair labor practices globally. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to strengthen their advocacy efforts and protect workers. This involves ensuring that AI tools respect privacy, prevent biases, and do not inadvertently harm those they aim to support. Examples include using AI to analyze large datasets on labor conditions, identifying patterns of abuse or violations without exposing individual workers to retaliation. Employing AI-powered platforms to disseminate information on workers' rights, making resources accessible to a wider audience while ensuring data security.
Summary
By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in employment and labor. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to promote fair labor practices, enhance employment opportunities, and protect workers' rights. Through ethical AI use, they can foster inclusive workplaces, support workforce development, and ensure that technological advancements benefit all members of society.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

AI’s Potential Violations #

[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could violate this human right.]

AI’s Potential Benefits #

[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could advance this human right.]

Human Rights Instruments #

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) #

G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III) (Dec. 10, 1948)

Article 26

1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Convention Against Discrimination in Education (1960) #

Convention Against Discrimination in Education, Dec. 14, 1960, 429 U.N.T.S. 93.

Article 4

The States Parties to this Convention undertake furthermore to formulate, develop and apply a national policy which, by methods appropriate to the circumstances and to national usage, will tend to promote Equality of opportunity and of treatment in the matter of education and in particular:

(a) To make primary education free and compulsory; make secondary education in its different forms generally available and accessible to all; make higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of individual capacity; assure compliance by all with the obligation to attend school prescribed by law;

(b) To ensure that the standards of education are equivalent in all public educational institutions of the same level, and that the conditions relating to the quality of the education provided are also equivalent;

(c) To encourage and intensify by appropriate methods the education of persons who have not received any primary education or who have not completed the entire primary education course and the continuation of their education on the basis of individual capacity;

(d) To provide training for the teaching profession without discrimination.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) #

G.A. Res. 2106 (XX), International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, U.N. Doc. A/RES/2106(XX) (Dec. 21, 1965)

Article 5

In compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in article 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to Equality
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights:

(e) Economic, social and cultural rights, in particular:

(v) The right to education and training;

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) #

G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (Dec. 16, 1966)

Article 13

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its Dignity
Human dignity refers to the inherent worth and respect that every individual possesses, irrespective of their status, identity, or achievements. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), dignity emphasizes the need for AI systems to be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that respect, preserve, and even enhance this intrinsic human value. While many existing AI ethics guidelines reference dignity, they often leave it undefined, highlighting instead its close relationship to human rights and its role in avoiding harm, forced acceptance, automated classification, and unconsented interactions between humans and AI. Fundamentally, dignity serves as a cornerstone of ethical AI practices, requiring systems to prioritize human well-being and autonomy. The preservation of dignity in AI systems places significant ethical responsibilities on developers, organizations, and policymakers. Developers play a pivotal role in ensuring that AI technologies respect privacy and autonomy by safeguarding personal data and avoiding manipulative practices. Bias mitigation is another critical responsibility, as AI systems must strive to eliminate discriminatory outcomes that could undermine the dignity of individuals based on race, gender, age, or other characteristics. Furthermore, transparency and accountability in AI operations are essential for upholding dignity, as they provide mechanisms to understand and address the impacts of AI systems on individuals and communities. Governance and legislation are equally important in safeguarding human dignity in the AI landscape. New legal frameworks and regulations can mandate ethical development and deployment practices, with a focus on protecting human rights and dignity. Government-issued technical and methodological guidelines can provide developers with clear standards for ethical AI design. Additionally, international cooperation is essential to establish a unified, global approach to AI ethics, recognizing the cross-border implications of AI technologies. By embedding dignity into AI systems and governance structures, society can ensure that AI technologies respect and enhance human worth, fostering trust, equity, and ethical innovation. Recommended Reading Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines." Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 389–399.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to achieving the full realization of this right:

(a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all;

(b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education;

(c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education;

(d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified as far as possible for those persons who have not received or completed the whole period of their primary education;

(e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall be established, and the material conditions of teaching staff shall be continuously improved.

3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.

4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph I of this article and to the requirement that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State.

Article 14

Each State Party to the present Covenant which, at the time of becoming a Party, has not been able to secure in its metropolitan territory or other territories under its jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge, undertakes, within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive implementation, within a reasonable number of years, to be fixed in the plan, of the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) #

G.A. Res. 34/180, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, U.N. Doc. A/RES/34/180 (Dec. 18, 1979)

Article 10

States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in order to ensure to them equal rights with men in the field of education and in particular to ensure, on a basis of Equality
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
of men and women:

(a) The same conditions for career and vocational guidance, for access to studies and for the achievement of diplomas in educational establishments of all categories in rural as well as in urban areas; this Equality
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
shall be ensured in pre-school, general, technical, professional and higher technical education, as well as in all types of vocational training;

(b) Access to the same curricula, the same examinations, teaching staff with qualifications of the same standard and school premises and equipment of the same quality;

(c) The elimination of any stereotyped concept of the roles of men and women at all levels and in all forms of education by encouraging coeducation and other types of education which will help to achieve this aim and, in particular, by the revision of textbooks and school programmes and the adaptation of teaching methods;

(d) The same opportunities to benefit from scholarships and other study grants;

(e) The same opportunities for access to programmes of continuing education, including adult and functional literacy programmes, particulary those aimed at reducing, at the earliest possible time, any gap in education existing between men and women;

(f) The reduction of female student drop-out rates and the organization of programmes for girls and women who have left school prematurely;

(g) The same Opportunities to participate actively in sports and physical education;

(h) Access to specific educational information to help to ensure the health and well-being of families, including information and advice on family planning.

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) #

G.A. Res. 44/25, Convention on the Rights of the Child, U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/25 (Nov. 20, 1989)

Article 28

States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular:

(a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;

(b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990) #

G.A. Res. 45/158, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, U.N. Doc. A/RES/45/158 (Dec. 18, 1990)

Article 30

Each child of a migrant worker shall have the basic right of access to education on the basis of Equality
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
of treatment with nationals of the State concerned. Access to public pre-school educational institutions or schools shall not be refused or limited by reason of the irregular situation with respect to stay or employment of either parent or by reason of the irregularity of the child’s stay in the State of employment.

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) #

G.A. Res. 61/106, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, U.N. Doc. A/RES/61/106 (Dec. 13, 2006)

Article 24

1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to education. With a view to realizing this right without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity, States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at all levels and lifelong learning directed to:

(a) The full development of human potential and sense of Dignity
Human dignity refers to the inherent worth and respect that every individual possesses, irrespective of their status, identity, or achievements. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), dignity emphasizes the need for AI systems to be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that respect, preserve, and even enhance this intrinsic human value. While many existing AI ethics guidelines reference dignity, they often leave it undefined, highlighting instead its close relationship to human rights and its role in avoiding harm, forced acceptance, automated classification, and unconsented interactions between humans and AI. Fundamentally, dignity serves as a cornerstone of ethical AI practices, requiring systems to prioritize human well-being and autonomy. The preservation of dignity in AI systems places significant ethical responsibilities on developers, organizations, and policymakers. Developers play a pivotal role in ensuring that AI technologies respect privacy and autonomy by safeguarding personal data and avoiding manipulative practices. Bias mitigation is another critical responsibility, as AI systems must strive to eliminate discriminatory outcomes that could undermine the dignity of individuals based on race, gender, age, or other characteristics. Furthermore, transparency and accountability in AI operations are essential for upholding dignity, as they provide mechanisms to understand and address the impacts of AI systems on individuals and communities. Governance and legislation are equally important in safeguarding human dignity in the AI landscape. New legal frameworks and regulations can mandate ethical development and deployment practices, with a focus on protecting human rights and dignity. Government-issued technical and methodological guidelines can provide developers with clear standards for ethical AI design. Additionally, international cooperation is essential to establish a unified, global approach to AI ethics, recognizing the cross-border implications of AI technologies. By embedding dignity into AI systems and governance structures, society can ensure that AI technologies respect and enhance human worth, fostering trust, equity, and ethical innovation. Recommended Reading Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines." Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 389–399.
Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the recruitment and research stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.
and self-worth, and the strengthening of respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and human diversity;

(b) The development by persons with disabilities of their personality, talents and creativity, as well as their mental and physical abilities, to their fullest potential;

(c) Enabling persons with disabilities to participate effectively in a free society.

2. In realizing this right, States Parties shall ensure that:

(a) Persons with disabilities are not excluded from the general education system on the basis of disability, and that children with disabilities are not excluded from free and compulsory primary education, or from secondary education, on the basis of disability;

(b) Persons with disabilities can access an inclusive, quality and free primary education and secondary education on an equal basis with others in the communities in which they live;

(c) Reasonable accommodation of the individual’s requirements is provided;

(d) Persons with disabilities receive the support required, within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education;

(e) Effective individualized support measures are provided in environments that maximize academic and social development, consistent with the goal of full inclusion.

3. States Parties shall enable persons with disabilities to learn life and social development skills to facilitate their full and equal participation in education and as members of the community. To this end, States Parties shall take appropriate measures, including:

(a) Facilitating the learning of Braille, alternative script, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring;

(b) Facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community;

(c) Ensuring that the education of persons, and in particular children, who are blind, deaf or deafblind, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and modes and means of communication for the individual, and in environments which maximize academic and social development.

4. In order to help ensure the realization of this right, States Parties shall take appropriate measures to employ teachers, including teachers with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille, and to train professionals and staff who work at all levels of education. Such training shall incorporate disability awareness and the use of appropriate augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, educational techniques and materials to support persons with disabilities.

5. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are able to access general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning without discrimination and on an equal basis with others. To this end, States Parties shall ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities.

Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (2016) #

Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4—Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, UNESCO Doc. ED-2016/WS/28 (2016)

Education is a fundamental human right and an enabling right. To fulfil this right, countries must ensure universal equal access to inclusive and equitable quality education and learning, which should be free and compulsory, leaving no one behind. Education shall aim at the full development of the human personality and promote mutual understanding, tolerance, friendship and peace.

Last Updated: April 18, 2025

Research Assistants: Elikemuel Rodriguez, Adhithi Uppalapati

Contributor: To Be Determined

Reviewer: To Be Determined

Editor: Tanya de Villiers-Botha

Subject: Human Right

Edition: Edition 1.0 Research

Recommended Citation: "X.A. Right to Education, Edition 1.0 Research." In AI & Human Rights Index, edited by Nathan C. Walker, Dirk Brand, Caitlin Corrigan, Georgina Curto Rex, Alexander Kriebitz, John Maldonado, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, and Tanya de Villiers-Botha. New York: All Tech is Human; Camden, NJ: AI Ethics Lab at Rutgers University, 2025. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://aiethicslab.rutgers.edu/Docs/x-a-education/.

Sectors #

EDU-INS: Educational Institutions

EDU-RES: Research Organizations

EDU-POL: Educational Policy Makers

EDU-TEC: Educational Technology Providers

EDU-FND: Educational Foundations and NGOs

Summary

GOV-AGY: Government Agencies

GOV-CRS: Civil Registration Services

GOV-ECN: Economic Planning Bodies

GOV-PPM: Public Officials

GOV-PUB: Public Services

GOV-REG: Regulatory Bodies

GOV-SUR: Government Surveillance

Summary

INTL-CRT: International Courts

INTL-DIP: Diplomatic Organizations

INTL-DEV: Development Agencies

INTL-GOV: Governmental Organizations

INTL-HRN: Human Rights Organizations

INTL-HUM: Humanitarian Organizations

INTL-MON: Monitoring Bodies

INTL-NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations

INTL-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations

INTL-REF: Refugee Organizations

Summary

LAW-COR: Correctional Facilities

LAW-ENF: Law Enforcement

LAW-GSP: Government Surveillance Programs

LAW-IMM: Immigration and Border Control

LAW-JUD: Judicial Systems

LAW-LTC: Legal Tech Companies

LAW-SEC: Private Security Firms

Summary

REG-AGY: Regulatory Agencies

REG-DPA: Data Protection Authorities

REG-ETH: Ethics Committees

REG-OVS: Oversight Bodies

REG-RBY: Regulatory Bodies

Summary

SOC-CHA: Child Welfare Organizations

SOC-COM: Community Support Services

SOC-HOM: Homeless Shelters

SOC-HOU: Housing Authorities

SOC-NPO: Non-Profit Organizations

SOC-SVC: Social Services

SOC-WEL: Welfare Agencies

TECH-COM: Technology Companies

TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms

TECH-DGP: Digital Platforms

TECH-EDU: Educational Technology Companies

TECH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies

TECH-LTC: Legal Tech Companies

TECH-SHD: Smart Home Device Manufacturers

TECH-SMP: Social Media Platforms

TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies

Summary

TRAN-AIR: Airlines

TRAN-AUT: Automotive Industry

TRAN-INF: Infrastructure Development Firms

TRAN-PTS: Public Transportation Systems

TRAN-TRS: Transportation Services

TRAN-TRV: Travel Companies

TRAN-URB: Urban Planning

Summary

WORK-EMP: Employment Agencies

WORK-GES: Government Employment Services

WORK-GIG: Gig Economy Workers' Associations

WORK-HRD: Human Resources Departments

WORK-JOB: Job Training and Placement Services

WORK-LBU: Labor Unions

WORK-VTC: Vocational Training Centers

WORK-WRO: Workers' Rights Organizations

Summary

AI’s Potential Violations #

AI’s Potential Benefits #

Human Rights Instruments #

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) #

Convention Against Discrimination in Education (1960) #

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) #