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Sectors #

The contributors of the AI & Human Rights Index have identified the following sectors as responsible for both using AI to protect and advance this human right.

• HLTH: Healthcare and Public Health
  The Healthcare and Public Health sector encompasses all organizations and entities involved in delivering health services, promoting wellness, preventing disease, and managing health-related technologies and products. This includes healthcare providers, health insurance companies, healthcare technology companies, medical device manufacturers, mental health services, public health agencies, and pharmaceutical companies. The HLTH sector plays a vital role in maintaining and improving the health of individuals and communities, advancing medical knowledge, and ensuring access to quality healthcare.

  HLTH-HCP: Healthcare Providers

  Healthcare Providers include hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals who deliver direct patient care. They diagnose illnesses, provide treatments, and promote health and well-being. These providers are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in patient care. This involves protecting patient privacy, obtaining informed consent for AI-assisted treatments, and preventing biases in AI diagnostics that could lead to misdiagnosis or unequal treatment. By integrating ethical AI practices, healthcare providers can enhance patient outcomes while upholding human rights. Examples include using AI-powered diagnostic tools that assist in identifying diseases accurately, ensuring they are validated across diverse populations to prevent racial or gender biases. Implementing AI systems for patient monitoring that respect privacy and data security, alerting healthcare professionals to critical changes without compromising patient confidentiality.

  HLTH-HIC: Health Insurance Companies

  Health Insurance Companies offer policies that cover medical expenses for individuals and groups. They manage risk pools, process claims, and work with healthcare providers to facilitate patient care. The HLTH-HIC sector is accountable for using AI ethically in underwriting and claims processing. This includes preventing discriminatory practices in policy offerings and ensuring transparency in decision-making processes. They must protect sensitive customer data and promote equitable access to health insurance. Examples include employing AI algorithms that assess risk without discriminating based on pre-existing conditions, socioeconomic status, or other protected characteristics. Using AI to streamline claims processing, reducing delays in reimbursements while safeguarding personal health information.

  HLTH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies

  Healthcare Technology Companies develop software, applications, and technological solutions for the healthcare industry. They innovate in areas such as electronic health records, telemedicine platforms, and AI-powered health tools. These companies are accountable for designing AI technologies that are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. They must prevent biases in AI systems, ensure data security, and obtain necessary regulatory approvals. Ethical AI use can drive innovation while maintaining trust in digital health solutions. Examples include creating AI-driven telemedicine platforms that expand access to care in remote areas while protecting patient confidentiality. Developing AI applications that assist in medical imaging analysis, ensuring they are trained on diverse datasets to provide accurate results across different populations.

  HLTH-MDC: Medical Device Manufacturers

  Medical Device Manufacturers produce instruments, apparatuses, and machines used in medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. This includes everything from simple tools to complex AI-enabled devices. They are accountable for ensuring that AI-integrated medical devices are safe, effective, and compliant with regulatory standards. This involves rigorous testing, transparency in how AI algorithms function, and monitoring for unintended consequences. Ethical AI integration is essential to patient safety and trust. Examples include developing AI-powered wearable devices that monitor vital signs, ensuring they do not produce false alarms or miss critical conditions. Manufacturing surgical robots with AI capabilities that enhance precision while ensuring a surgeon remains in control to prevent errors.

  HLTH-MHS: Mental Health Services

  Mental Health Services provide support for individuals dealing with mental health conditions through counseling, therapy, and psychiatric care. They play a crucial role in promoting mental well-being and treating mental illnesses. The HLTH-MHS sector is accountable for using AI ethically to enhance mental health care. This includes protecting patient privacy, obtaining informed consent, and ensuring AI tools do not replace human empathy and judgment. Ethical AI can support mental health professionals while respecting patients' rights. Examples include using AI chatbots to provide preliminary mental health assessments, ensuring they direct individuals to professional care when needed and maintain confidentiality. Implementing AI analytics to identify patterns in patient data that can inform treatment plans without stigmatizing individuals.

  HLTH-PHA: Public Health Agencies

  Public Health Agencies are government bodies responsible for monitoring and improving the health of populations. They conduct disease surveillance, promote health education, and implement policies to prevent illness and injury. These agencies are accountable for using AI ethically in public health initiatives. This involves ensuring data collected is used responsibly, protecting individual privacy, and preventing misuse of information. Ethical AI can enhance public health responses while maintaining public trust. Examples include employing AI to predict and track disease outbreaks, enabling timely interventions while anonymizing personal data to protect privacy. Using AI to analyze health trends and inform policy decisions that address health disparities without discriminating against vulnerable groups.

  HLTH-PHC: Pharmaceutical Companies

  Pharmaceutical Companies research, develop, manufacture, and market medications. They play a critical role in treating diseases, alleviating symptoms, and improving quality of life. The HLTH-PHC sector is accountable for using AI ethically in drug discovery, clinical trials, and marketing. This includes ensuring that AI models do not introduce biases, respecting patient consent, and being transparent about AI's role in decision-making processes. Ethical AI use can accelerate medical advancements while safeguarding patient rights. Examples include using AI algorithms to identify potential drug candidates more efficiently, ensuring that clinical trial data is representative and unbiased. Implementing AI to monitor adverse drug reactions post-market, protecting patient safety through proactive measures.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in healthcare and public health. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to improve health outcomes while respecting the rights, dignity, and privacy of all individuals.  

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  Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

• GOV: Government and Public Sector
  The Government and Public Sector encompasses all institutions and organizations that are part of the governmental framework at the local, regional, and national levels. This includes government agencies, civil registration services, economic planning bodies, public officials, public services, regulatory bodies, and government surveillance entities. The GOV sector is responsible for creating and implementing policies, providing public services, and upholding the rule of law. It plays a vital role in shaping society, promoting the welfare of citizens, and ensuring the effective functioning of the state.

  GOV-AGY: Government Agencies

  Government Agencies are administrative units of the government responsible for specific functions such as health, education, transportation, and environmental protection. They implement laws, deliver public services, and regulate various sectors. The GOV-AGY sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in public administration. This includes promoting transparency, protecting citizens' data, and preventing biases in AI systems that could lead to unfair treatment. By integrating ethical AI practices, government agencies can enhance service delivery while upholding human rights. Examples include using AI-powered chatbots to improve citizen access to information and services while ensuring data privacy and security. Implementing AI in processing applications or claims efficiently, without discriminating against any group based on race, gender, or socioeconomic status.

  GOV-CRS: Civil Registration Services

  Civil Registration Services are responsible for recording vital events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. They maintain official records essential for legal identity and access to services. These services are accountable for using AI ethically to manage and protect personal data. They must ensure that AI systems used in data processing do not compromise the privacy or security of individuals' sensitive information. Ethical AI use can improve accuracy and efficiency in maintaining civil records. Examples include employing AI to detect and correct errors in civil records, ensuring that individuals' legal identities are accurately reflected. Using AI to streamline the registration process, making it more accessible while safeguarding personal data against unauthorized access.

  GOV-ECN: Economic Planning Bodies

  Economic Planning Bodies are government entities that develop strategies for economic growth, resource allocation, and development policies. They analyze economic data to inform decision-making and promote national prosperity. The GOV-ECN sector is accountable for using AI in economic planning ethically. This involves ensuring that AI models do not perpetuate economic disparities or exclude marginalized communities from development benefits. By applying ethical AI, they can promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Examples include utilizing AI for economic forecasting to make informed policy decisions that benefit all segments of society. Implementing AI to assess the potential impact of economic policies on different demographics, thereby promoting equity and reducing inequality.

  GOV-PPM: Public Officials

  Public Officials include elected representatives and appointed officers who hold positions of authority within the government. They are responsible for making decisions, enacting laws, and overseeing the implementation of policies. Public officials are accountable for promoting the ethical use of AI in governance. They must ensure that AI technologies are used to enhance democratic processes, increase transparency, and protect citizens' rights. Their leadership is crucial in setting ethical standards and regulations for AI deployment. Examples include advocating for legislation that regulates AI use to prevent abuses such as mass surveillance or algorithmic discrimination. Using AI tools to engage with constituents more effectively, such as sentiment analysis on public feedback, while ensuring that such tools respect privacy and free speech rights.

  GOV-PUB: Public Services

  Public Services encompass various services provided by the government to its citizens, including healthcare, education, transportation, and public safety. These services aim to meet the needs of the public and improve quality of life. The GOV-PUB sector is accountable for integrating AI into public services ethically. This involves ensuring equitable access, preventing biases, and protecting user data. Ethical AI use can enhance service efficiency and effectiveness while respecting human rights. Examples include deploying AI in public healthcare systems to predict disease outbreaks and allocate resources efficiently, without compromising patient confidentiality. Using AI in public transportation to optimize routes and schedules, improving accessibility while safeguarding passenger data.

  GOV-REG: Regulatory Bodies

  Regulatory Bodies are government agencies tasked with overseeing specific industries or activities to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. They protect public interests by enforcing standards and addressing misconduct. These bodies are accountable for regulating the ethical use of AI across various sectors. They must develop guidelines and enforce compliance to prevent AI-related abuses, such as discrimination or privacy violations. Their role is critical in setting the framework for responsible AI deployment. Examples include establishing regulations that require transparency in AI algorithms used by companies, ensuring they do not discriminate against consumers. Monitoring and auditing AI systems to verify compliance with data protection laws and ethical standards.

  GOV-SUR: Government Surveillance

  Government Surveillance entities are responsible for monitoring activities for purposes such as national security, law enforcement, and public safety. They collect and analyze data to detect and prevent criminal activities and threats. The GOV-SUR sector is accountable for ensuring that AI used in surveillance respects human rights, including the rights to privacy and freedom of expression. They must balance security objectives with individual freedoms, adhering to legal frameworks and ethical standards. Examples include implementing AI-driven surveillance systems with strict oversight to prevent misuse and unauthorized access. Employing AI for specific, targeted investigations with appropriate warrants and legal processes, avoiding mass surveillance practices that infringe on citizens' rights.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights within government and public services. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance governance, protect citizens, and promote transparency and fairness in public administration.  

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  Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

• BUS: Business Sectors
  The Business Sectors encompass a wide range of industries and enterprises engaged in commercial, industrial, and professional activities. This includes agriculture industries, the automotive industry, corporations and enterprises, energy companies, financial services, gig economy platforms, manufacturing industries, marketing and advertising firms, pharmaceutical companies, retail companies, small and medium-sized enterprises, service industries, and technology companies. The BUS sector plays a significant role in economic development, job creation, innovation, and the provision of goods and services that meet societal needs.

  BUS-AGR: Agriculture Industries

  Agriculture Industries involve the cultivation of crops, raising of livestock, and production of food and raw materials. This sector is fundamental to food security and the sustenance of populations worldwide. These industries are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience while respecting environmental and human rights. They must ensure that AI applications do not lead to unfair labor practices, environmental degradation, or exploitation of small-scale farmers. Examples include implementing AI-powered precision agriculture techniques that optimize resource use, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact without displacing workers unjustly. Using AI to forecast weather patterns and crop diseases, supporting farmers in making informed decisions while ensuring access to technology for smallholders.

  BUS-AUT: Automotive Industry

  The Automotive Industry encompasses companies involved in the design, manufacture, marketing, and sale of motor vehicles. This sector is integral to transportation and has significant economic and environmental implications. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically in vehicle development, manufacturing processes, and customer interactions. They must ensure that AI technologies, such as autonomous driving systems, are safe, reliable, and respect user privacy and safety standards. Examples include developing AI-driven autonomous vehicles with robust safety measures, thoroughly tested to prevent accidents and protect passengers and pedestrians. Using AI in manufacturing to improve efficiency and product quality without violating labor rights or displacing workers without fair transition support.

  BUS-COR: Corporations and Enterprises

  Corporations and Enterprises are large businesses operating in various industries, providing goods and services on a national or global scale. They have substantial influence on economies, employment, and societal trends. These entities are accountable for integrating ethical AI practices across their operations, from supply chain management to customer engagement. They must prevent AI-driven decisions that could lead to discrimination, privacy violations, or environmental harm. Examples include using AI for supply chain optimization that ensures ethical sourcing and transparency, avoiding suppliers involved in labor abuses. Implementing AI in customer service to enhance user experience while protecting personal data and avoiding biased interactions.

  BUS-ENE: Energy Companies

  Energy Companies are involved in the production, distribution, and sale of energy, including fossil fuels, electricity, and renewable energy sources. They play a critical role in powering economies and impacting environmental sustainability. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to optimize energy production and consumption while reducing environmental impact. They must prevent AI applications from contributing to environmental degradation or infringing on community rights. Examples include utilizing AI for predictive maintenance of equipment to prevent accidents and environmental spills. Implementing AI systems to manage energy grids efficiently, integrating renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

  BUS-FIN: Financial Services

  Financial Services include institutions that manage money, provide banking services, insurance, investment, and facilitate financial transactions. They are essential for economic stability and growth. These institutions are accountable for using AI ethically in financial decision-making, customer interactions, and risk management. They must prevent discriminatory practices, protect customer data, and promote financial inclusion. Examples include employing AI algorithms for credit scoring that are transparent and free from biases, ensuring fair access to loans. Using AI in fraud detection to protect customers without infringing on privacy or unfairly targeting certain groups.

  BUS-GIG: Gig Economy Platforms

  Gig Economy Platforms are digital marketplaces that connect freelancers or contractors with clients for short-term work or services. They have transformed traditional employment models. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically to manage work allocation, compensation, and worker evaluations. They must ensure fair treatment of gig workers, prevent exploitation, and protect their rights. Examples include implementing AI systems that distribute work opportunities equitably among workers. Using AI to set fair pricing for services, avoiding algorithms that depress wages or create unfair competition.

  BUS-MAN: Manufacturing Industries

  Manufacturing Industries produce goods using labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing. They are a cornerstone of economic development and innovation. These industries are accountable for using AI ethically in production processes, ensuring worker safety, and environmental stewardship. They must prevent job displacement without support, unsafe working conditions, or environmental harm due to AI implementations. Examples include using AI-powered robots to enhance production efficiency while retraining workers for new roles, avoiding mass layoffs. Implementing AI for quality control to reduce waste and defects, contributing to sustainable manufacturing practices.

  BUS-MKT: Marketing and Advertising Firms

  Marketing and Advertising Firms specialize in promoting products and services to consumers. They influence consumer behavior and market trends. These firms are accountable for using AI ethically in targeting, data collection, and content creation. They must respect consumer privacy, avoid manipulative practices, and prevent the spread of misinformation. Examples include using AI for personalized advertising that respects user consent and privacy preferences. Implementing AI analytics to understand consumer needs without exploiting vulnerabilities or reinforcing harmful stereotypes.

  BUS-PHC: Pharmaceutical Companies

  Pharmaceutical Companies research, develop, produce, and market drugs and medical devices. They contribute to healthcare advancements and public health. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically in drug discovery, clinical trials, and marketing. They must ensure patient safety, data privacy, and avoid biases that could affect treatment accessibility. Examples include employing AI to accelerate drug discovery processes while ensuring clinical trials are inclusive and representative. Using AI to monitor drug safety post-market, protecting patient health by identifying adverse effects promptly.

  BUS-RET: Retail Companies

  Retail Companies sell goods and services directly to consumers through physical stores or online platforms. They impact consumer choices and economic activity. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically in customer service, inventory management, and marketing. They must protect consumer data, avoid discriminatory pricing or services, and ensure fair labor practices in supply chains. Examples include implementing AI for personalized shopping experiences while safeguarding customer privacy. Using AI in supply chain management to ensure products are sourced ethically and sustainably.

  BUS-SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

  Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are businesses with a limited scale in terms of employees and revenue. They are vital for economic diversity and community development. SMEs are accountable for adopting AI ethically to enhance competitiveness without compromising ethical standards. They must ensure that AI use respects customer rights, employee well-being, and legal obligations. Examples include using AI chatbots to improve customer service accessibility while ensuring interactions are respectful and data is protected. Implementing AI tools to optimize operations, supporting business growth without reducing workforce unfairly.

  BUS-SVC: Service Industries

  Service Industries provide intangible goods like healthcare, hospitality, finance, education, and entertainment. They are essential for societal functioning and quality of life. These industries are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance service delivery, customer satisfaction, and operational efficiency. They must prevent biases, protect personal data, and ensure accessibility. Examples include using AI in healthcare for patient diagnostics, ensuring accuracy and avoiding biases that could affect treatment. Implementing AI in hospitality to personalize guest experiences while respecting privacy and cultural sensitivities.

  BUS-TECH: Technology Companies

  Technology Companies develop and sell technology products or services, including software, hardware, and IT solutions. They drive innovation and digital transformation. These companies are accountable for ensuring that AI technologies are developed and deployed ethically, promoting transparency, fairness, and accountability. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and consider societal impacts. Examples include creating AI applications that are transparent and explainable, allowing users to understand and challenge decisions. Implementing robust security measures in AI products to protect against misuse or cyber threats.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in the business domain. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to foster innovation, drive economic growth, and meet societal needs while safeguarding individual rights, promoting fairness, and ensuring sustainable practices.  

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  Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

• TECH: Technology and IT
  The Technology and IT sector encompasses companies and organizations involved in the development, production, and maintenance of technology products and services. This includes technology companies, cybersecurity firms, digital platforms, educational technology companies, healthcare technology companies, legal tech companies, smart home device manufacturers, social media platforms, and telecommunications companies. The TECH sector plays a pivotal role in driving innovation, connecting people globally, and shaping how societies operate in the digital age.

  TECH-COM: Technology Companies

  Technology Companies are businesses that develop and sell technology products or services, such as software developers, hardware manufacturers, and IT service providers. They are at the forefront of technological advancements and influence various aspects of modern life. These companies are accountable for ensuring that AI is developed and deployed ethically, promoting transparency, fairness, and accountability. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and consider the societal impact of their technologies. By integrating ethical AI practices, they can foster trust and contribute positively to society. Examples include developing AI applications that respect user privacy by minimizing data collection and implementing strong security measures. Creating AI systems that are transparent and explainable, allowing users to understand how decisions are made and challenging them if necessary.

  TECH-CSF: Cybersecurity Firms

  Cybersecurity Firms specialize in protecting computer systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, or damage. They offer services like threat detection, vulnerability assessments, and incident response. These firms are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance cybersecurity while respecting privacy and legal boundaries. They must ensure that AI tools do not infringe on users' rights or engage in unauthorized surveillance. Ethical AI use can strengthen defenses against cyber threats without compromising individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time, protecting organizations and users from harm while ensuring that monitoring activities comply with privacy laws. Providing AI-driven security solutions that help organizations safeguard data without accessing or misusing sensitive information.

  TECH-DGP: Digital Platforms

  Digital Platforms are online businesses that facilitate interactions between users, such as e-commerce sites, content sharing services, and marketplaces. They connect buyers and sellers, content creators and consumers, and enable various online activities. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically to manage content, personalize user experiences, and ensure safe interactions. This involves preventing algorithmic biases, protecting user data, and avoiding practices that could lead to discrimination or exploitation. Examples include using AI to recommend content or products in a way that promotes diversity and avoids reinforcing harmful stereotypes. Implementing AI moderation tools to detect and remove inappropriate or illegal content while respecting freedom of expression and avoiding censorship of legitimate speech.

  TECH-EDU: Educational Technology Companies

  Educational Technology Companies develop tools and platforms that support teaching and learning processes. They create software, applications, and devices used in educational settings, from K-12 schools to higher education and corporate training. These companies are accountable for designing AI-powered educational tools that are accessible, inclusive, and respect students' privacy. They must prevent biases that could disadvantage certain learners and ensure that data collected is used responsibly. Examples include creating AI-driven personalized learning systems that adapt to individual students' needs without compromising their privacy. Developing educational platforms that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles.

  TECH-HTC: Healthcare Technology Companies

  Healthcare Technology Companies focus on developing technological solutions for the healthcare industry. They innovate in areas like electronic health records, telemedicine, medical imaging, and AI-driven diagnostics. These companies are accountable for ensuring that their AI technologies are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. They must obtain necessary regulatory approvals, protect patient data, and prevent biases in AI models that could lead to misdiagnosis. Examples include developing AI algorithms for medical imaging analysis that are trained on diverse datasets to provide accurate results across different populations. Implementing telehealth platforms that securely handle patient information and comply with healthcare privacy regulations.

  TECH-LTC: Legal Tech Companies

  Legal Tech Companies provide technology solutions for legal professionals and organizations. They develop software for case management, document automation, legal research, and AI-powered analytics. These companies are accountable for creating AI tools that enhance the legal profession ethically. They must ensure their products do not perpetuate biases, maintain client confidentiality, and support the integrity of legal processes. Examples include offering AI-driven legal research platforms that provide unbiased results, helping lawyers build fair cases. Designing contract analysis tools that protect sensitive information and comply with data protection laws.

  TECH-SHD: Smart Home Device Manufacturers

  Smart Home Device Manufacturers produce internet-connected devices used in homes, such as smart thermostats, security systems, voice assistants, and appliances. These devices often utilize AI to provide enhanced functionality and user convenience. These manufacturers are accountable for ensuring that their devices respect user privacy, are secure from unauthorized access, and do not collect excessive personal data. They must be transparent about data usage and provide users with control over their information. Examples include designing smart devices that operate effectively without constantly transmitting data to external servers, minimizing privacy risks. Implementing robust security measures to protect devices from hacking or misuse.

  TECH-SMP: Social Media Platforms

  Social Media Platforms are online services that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking. They play a significant role in information dissemination, communication, and shaping public discourse. These platforms are accountable for using AI ethically in content moderation, recommendation algorithms, and advertising. They must prevent the spread of misinformation, protect user data, and avoid algorithmic biases that could lead to echo chambers or discrimination. Examples include using AI to detect and remove harmful content such as hate speech or incitement to violence while respecting freedom of expression. Implementing transparent algorithms that provide diverse perspectives and prevent the reinforcement of biases.

  TECH-TEL: Telecommunications Companies

  Telecommunications Companies provide communication services such as telephone, internet, and data transmission. They build and maintain the infrastructure that enables connectivity and digital communication globally. These companies are accountable for using AI ethically to manage networks, improve services, and protect user data. They must ensure that AI applications do not infringe on privacy rights or enable unlawful surveillance. Examples include employing AI to optimize network performance, enhancing service quality without accessing or exploiting user communications. Using AI-driven security measures to protect networks from cyber threats while respecting legal obligations regarding data privacy.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in the technology and IT domain. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to drive innovation while safeguarding individual rights, promoting fairness, and building public trust in technological advancements.  

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  Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

• EDU: Education and Research
  The Education and Research sector encompasses institutions and organizations dedicated to teaching, learning, and scholarly investigation. This includes schools, universities, research institutes, and think tanks. The EDU sector plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge, fostering innovation, and shaping the minds of future generations.

  EDU-INS: Educational Institutions

  Educational Institutions include schools, colleges, and universities that provide formal education to students at various levels. They are responsible for delivering curricula, facilitating learning, and nurturing critical thinking skills. The EDU-INS sector is accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically within educational settings. This commitment involves promoting equitable access to AI resources, protecting student data privacy, and preventing biases in AI-driven educational tools. By integrating ethical considerations into their use of AI, they can enhance learning outcomes while safeguarding students' rights. Examples include implementing AI-powered personalized learning platforms that adapt to individual student needs without compromising their privacy. Another example is using AI to detect and mitigate biases in educational materials, ensuring fair representation of diverse perspectives.

  EDU-RES: Research Organizations

  Research Organizations comprise universities, laboratories, and independent institutes engaged in scientific and scholarly research. They contribute to the advancement of knowledge across various fields, including AI and machine learning. These organizations are accountable for conducting AI research responsibly, adhering to ethical guidelines, and considering the societal implications of their work. They must ensure that their research does not contribute to human rights abuses and instead advances human welfare. Examples include conducting interdisciplinary research on AI ethics to inform policy and practice. Developing AI technologies that address social challenges, such as healthcare disparities or environmental sustainability, while ensuring that these technologies are accessible and do not exacerbate inequalities.

  EDU-POL: Educational Policy Makers

  Educational Policy Makers include government agencies, educational boards, and regulatory bodies that develop policies and standards for the education sector. They shape the educational landscape through legislation, funding, and oversight. They are accountable for creating policies that promote the ethical use of AI in education and research. This includes establishing guidelines for data privacy, equity in access to AI resources, and integration of AI ethics into curricula. Examples include drafting regulations that protect student data collected by AI tools, ensuring it is used appropriately and securely. Mandating the inclusion of AI ethics courses in educational programs to prepare students for responsible AI development and use.

  EDU-TEC: Educational Technology Providers

  Educational Technology Providers are companies and organizations that develop and supply technological tools and platforms for education. They create software, hardware, and AI applications that support teaching and learning processes. These providers are accountable for designing AI educational tools that are ethical, inclusive, and respect users' rights. They must prevent biases in AI algorithms, protect user data, and ensure their products do not inadvertently harm or disadvantage any group. Examples include developing AI-driven learning apps that are accessible to students with disabilities, adhering to universal design principles. Implementing robust data security measures to protect sensitive information collected through educational platforms.

  EDU-FND: Educational Foundations and NGOs

  Educational Foundations and NGOs are non-profit organizations focused on improving education systems and outcomes. They often support educational initiatives, fund research, and advocate for policy changes. They are accountable for promoting ethical AI practices in education through funding, advocacy, and program implementation. They can influence the sector by supporting projects that prioritize human rights and ethical considerations in AI. Examples include funding research on the impacts of AI in education to inform best practices. Advocating for policies that ensure equitable access to AI technologies in under-resourced schools, bridging the digital divide.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights in education. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to enhance learning while safeguarding the rights and dignity of all learners.  

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  Disclaimer: Our global network of contributors to the AI & Human Rights Index is currently writing these articles and glossary entries. This particular page is currently in the research and review stage. Please return later to see where this page is in the editorial workflow. Thank you! We look forward to learning with and from you.

• INTL: International Organizations and Relations
  The International Organizations and Relations sector encompasses entities that operate across national borders to address global challenges, promote cooperation, and uphold international laws and standards. This includes international courts, diplomatic organizations, development agencies, governmental organizations, human rights organizations, humanitarian organizations, monitoring bodies, non-governmental organizations, peacekeeping organizations, and refugee organizations. The INTL sector plays a crucial role in fostering peace, advancing human rights, facilitating humanitarian aid, and promoting sustainable development worldwide.

  INTL-CRT: International Courts

  International Courts are judicial bodies that adjudicate disputes between states, individuals, and organizations under international law. Examples include the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). These courts are accountable for ensuring that AI is used ethically in legal proceedings and judicial administration. This involves using AI to enhance efficiency and access to justice while safeguarding due process rights, preventing biases, and maintaining transparency. By integrating ethical AI practices, international courts can uphold justice and human rights more effectively. Examples include employing AI for case management systems that organize and prioritize cases efficiently without compromising the fairness of proceedings. Using AI-assisted legal research tools to aid judges and lawyers in accessing relevant international laws and precedents, ensuring comprehensive and unbiased consideration of legal matters.

  INTL-DIP: Diplomatic Organizations

  Diplomatic Organizations consist of foreign affairs ministries, embassies, and diplomatic missions that manage international relations on behalf of states. They negotiate treaties, represent national interests, and foster cooperation between countries. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in diplomacy. This includes respecting privacy in communications, preventing misinformation, and promoting transparency. Ethical AI can enhance diplomatic efforts by providing data-driven insights while maintaining trust and respecting international norms. Examples include utilizing AI for language translation services to improve communication between diplomats of different nations, ensuring accuracy and cultural sensitivity. Implementing AI analytics to monitor global trends and inform foreign policy decisions without infringing on the sovereignty or rights of other nations.

  INTL-DEV: Development Agencies

  Development Agencies are organizations dedicated to promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving living standards in developing countries. This includes entities like the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank. They are accountable for using AI ethically to advance sustainable development goals. This involves ensuring that AI initiatives do not exacerbate inequalities or infringe on local communities' rights. By adopting ethical AI, development agencies can enhance the effectiveness of their programs while promoting inclusive growth. Examples include deploying AI to analyze economic data and identify areas in need of investment, ensuring that interventions benefit marginalized populations. Using AI in agriculture to improve crop yields for smallholder farmers while safeguarding their land rights and traditional practices.

  INTL-GOV: Governmental Organizations

  International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) are entities formed by treaties between governments to work on common interests. Examples include the United Nations (UN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These organizations are accountable for setting ethical standards for AI use globally and ensuring that their own use of AI aligns with human rights principles. They must promote cooperation in regulating AI technologies and preventing their misuse. Examples include developing international guidelines for AI ethics that member states can adopt, fostering a coordinated approach to AI governance. Implementing AI in health surveillance to track disease outbreaks globally, ensuring data privacy and equitable access to healthcare resources.

  INTL-HRN: Human Rights Organizations

  Human Rights Organizations work to protect and promote human rights as defined by international law. They monitor violations, advocate for victims, and promote awareness of human rights issues. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance their advocacy and monitoring efforts. This includes protecting the privacy of vulnerable individuals, preventing biases in data analysis, and ensuring transparency. Examples include using AI to analyze large volumes of data from social media and reports to identify potential human rights abuses while anonymizing data to protect identities. Employing AI translation tools to make human rights documents accessible in multiple languages, promoting global awareness.

  INTL-HUM: Humanitarian Organizations

  Humanitarian Organizations provide aid and relief during emergencies and crises, such as natural disasters, conflicts, and epidemics. Examples include the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). They are accountable for using AI ethically to deliver aid effectively while respecting the dignity and rights of affected populations. This involves ensuring that AI does not infringe on privacy or exacerbate vulnerabilities. Examples include using AI to optimize logistics for delivering humanitarian aid, ensuring timely assistance without collecting unnecessary personal data. Implementing AI in needs assessments to identify the most vulnerable populations while obtaining informed consent and protecting sensitive information.

  INTL-MON: Monitoring Bodies

  Monitoring Bodies are organizations that observe and report on compliance with international agreements, such as human rights treaties or ceasefire agreements. They provide accountability and transparency in international affairs. These bodies are accountable for using AI ethically in monitoring activities. This includes ensuring accuracy, preventing biases, and respecting the rights of those being monitored. Ethical AI use can enhance their ability to detect violations without infringing on individual freedoms. Examples include employing AI to analyze satellite imagery for signs of conflict escalation or human rights abuses while ensuring data is used responsibly. Using AI to process large datasets from various sources to monitor compliance with environmental agreements, promoting transparency.

  INTL-NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations

  Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operate independently of governments to address social, environmental, and humanitarian issues. They advocate for policy changes, provide services, and raise public awareness. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically in their programs and advocacy efforts. This involves protecting data privacy, preventing algorithmic biases, and promoting inclusivity. Ethical AI can amplify their impact while respecting the rights of those they serve. Examples include using AI to analyze environmental data for conservation efforts without infringing on indigenous peoples' land rights. Implementing AI-powered platforms to engage with supporters and the public, ensuring accessibility and preventing misinformation.

  INTL-PKO: Peacekeeping Organizations

  Peacekeeping Organizations operate under international mandates to help maintain or restore peace in conflict zones. They deploy military and civilian personnel to support ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist in political processes. They are accountable for using AI ethically to enhance peacekeeping missions while upholding human rights standards. This includes ensuring AI aids in protecting vulnerable populations without exacerbating conflicts or infringing on rights. Examples include utilizing AI-powered data analytics to predict conflict hotspots and allocate resources effectively, thereby preventing violence. Deploying AI systems for monitoring compliance with peace agreements while ensuring that data collection respects the privacy and consent of local communities.

  INTL-REF: Refugee Organizations

  Refugee Organizations work to protect and support refugees and displaced persons worldwide. Examples include the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and various NGOs dedicated to refugee assistance. These organizations are accountable for using AI ethically to improve the lives of refugees while safeguarding their rights. This involves protecting sensitive personal data, preventing discrimination, and ensuring equitable access to services. Examples include employing AI to manage refugee registration efficiently while ensuring data security and consent. Using AI translation tools to facilitate communication between refugees and service providers, enhancing access to essential services without language barriers.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights on a global scale. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, deployment, and oversight of AI technologies to foster international cooperation, uphold justice, promote peace, and support vulnerable populations while respecting the rights and dignity of all individuals.  

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• REG: Regulatory and Oversight Bodies
  The Regulatory and Oversight Bodies sector encompasses organizations responsible for creating, implementing, and enforcing regulations, as well as monitoring compliance across various industries. This includes regulatory agencies, data protection authorities, ethics committees, oversight bodies, and other regulatory entities. The REG sector plays a critical role in ensuring that laws and standards are upheld, protecting public interests, promoting fair practices, and safeguarding human rights in the context of technological advancements like artificial intelligence (AI).

  REG-AGY: Regulatory Agencies

  Regulatory Agencies are government-appointed bodies tasked with creating and enforcing rules and regulations within specific industries or sectors. They oversee compliance with laws, issue licenses, conduct inspections, and take enforcement actions when necessary. These agencies are accountable for ensuring that AI technologies within their jurisdictions are developed and used ethically and responsibly. This involves setting standards for AI deployment, preventing abuses, and promoting practices that advance human rights. By regulating AI effectively, they help prevent harm and foster public trust in technological innovations. Examples include establishing guidelines for AI transparency and accountability in industries like finance or healthcare, ensuring that AI systems do not discriminate or violate privacy rights. Enforcing regulations that require companies to conduct human rights impact assessments before deploying AI technologies.

  REG-DPA: Data Protection Authorities

  Data Protection Authorities are specialized regulatory bodies responsible for overseeing the implementation of data protection laws and safeguarding individuals' personal information. They monitor compliance, handle complaints, and have the power to enforce penalties for violations. These authorities are accountable for ensuring that AI systems handling personal data comply with data protection principles such as lawfulness, fairness, transparency, and data minimization. They play a crucial role in preventing privacy infringements and promoting the ethical use of AI in processing personal information. Examples include reviewing and approving AI data processing activities to ensure they meet legal requirements. Investigating breaches involving AI systems and imposing sanctions on organizations that misuse personal data or fail to protect it adequately.

  REG-ETH: Ethics Committees

  Ethics Committees are groups of experts who evaluate the ethical implications of policies, research projects, or technological developments. They provide guidance, assess compliance with ethical standards, and make recommendations to ensure responsible conduct. These committees are accountable for scrutinizing AI initiatives to identify potential ethical issues, such as biases, unfair treatment, or risks to human dignity. By promoting ethical considerations in AI development and deployment, they help prevent human rights abuses and encourage technologies that benefit society. Examples include reviewing AI research proposals to ensure they respect participants' rights and obtain informed consent. Providing guidance on ethical AI practices for organizations, helping them integrate ethical principles into their AI strategies and operations.

  REG-OVS: Oversight Bodies

  Oversight Bodies are organizations or committees tasked with monitoring and evaluating the activities of institutions, agencies, or specific sectors to ensure accountability and compliance with laws and regulations. They may be independent or part of a governmental framework. These bodies are accountable for overseeing the use of AI across various domains, ensuring that organizations adhere to legal and ethical standards. They help detect and address potential abuses, promoting transparency and fostering public confidence in AI technologies. Examples include auditing government agencies' use of AI to verify compliance with human rights obligations and data protection laws. Recommending corrective actions or policy changes when AI applications are found to have negative impacts on individuals or communities.

  REG-RBY: Regulatory Bodies

  Regulatory Bodies are official organizations that establish and enforce rules within specific professional fields or industries. They set standards, issue certifications, and may discipline members who do not comply with established norms. These bodies are accountable for incorporating AI considerations into their regulatory frameworks, ensuring that professionals using AI adhere to ethical guidelines and best practices. They play a key role in preventing malpractice and promoting the responsible use of AI. Examples include a medical board setting standards for AI-assisted diagnostics, ensuring that healthcare providers use AI tools that are safe, effective, and respect patient rights. A legal bar association providing guidelines on AI use in legal practice to prevent biases and maintain client confidentiality.

  Summary

  By embracing ethical AI practices, each of these sectors can significantly contribute to the prevention of human rights abuses and the advancement of human rights. Their accountability lies in the responsible development, enforcement, and oversight of regulations and standards governing AI technologies. Through diligent regulation and monitoring, they ensure that AI is used to benefit society while safeguarding individual rights and upholding public trust.  

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AI’s Potential Violations #

[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could violate this human right.]

AI’s Potential Benefits #

[Insert 300- to 500-word analysis of how AI could advance this human right.]

Human Rights Instruments #

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) #

G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III) (Dec. 10, 1948).

Article 25

1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to Security

Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed to resist external threats and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and functionality. Security ensures AI systems are safeguarded against unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation, maintaining trust and reliability in AI technologies. This principle is particularly critical in sensitive domains such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences. Effective AI security emphasizes proactive measures, such as testing system resilience, sharing information about cyber threats, and implementing robust data protection strategies. Techniques like anonymization, de-identification, and data aggregation reduce risks to personal and sensitive information. Security by design—embedding security measures at every stage of an AI system’s lifecycle—is a cornerstone of this principle. This includes deploying fallback mechanisms, secure software protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and address potential threats. These measures not only protect AI systems but also foster trust among users and stakeholders by ensuring their safe and ethical operation. Challenges to achieving AI security include the increasing complexity of AI models, the sophistication of cyber threats, and the need to balance security with transparency and usability. As AI technologies often operate across borders, international cooperation is essential to establish and enforce global security standards. Collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, and civil society can create unified frameworks to address cross-border threats and ensure the ethical deployment of secure AI systems. Ultimately, the principle of security safeguards individual and organizational assets while upholding broader societal trust in AI. By prioritizing security in design, deployment, and governance, developers and policymakers can ensure AI technologies serve humanity responsibly and reliably. For Further Reading Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.

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in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his Control

Fjeld, Achten, Hilligoss, Nagy, Srikumar write, “Control over the use of data” as a principle stands for the notion that data subjects should have some degree of influence over how and why information about them is used. Certain other principles under the privacy theme, including “consent,” “ability to restrict processing,” “right to rectification,” and “right to erasure” can be thought of as more specific instantiations of the control principle since they are mechanisms by which a data subject might exert control. Perhaps because this principle functions as a higher-level articulation, many of the documents we coded under it are light in the way of definitions for “control.” Citation Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1. January 15, 2020.  

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.

2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) #

G.A. Res. 2106 (XX), International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, U.N. Doc. A/RES/2106(XX) (Dec. 21, 1965)

Article 5

(e)(iv) The right to public health, medical care, social Security

Security in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the principle that AI systems must be designed to resist external threats and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and functionality. Security ensures AI systems are safeguarded against unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation, maintaining trust and reliability in AI technologies. This principle is particularly critical in sensitive domains such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences. Effective AI security emphasizes proactive measures, such as testing system resilience, sharing information about cyber threats, and implementing robust data protection strategies. Techniques like anonymization, de-identification, and data aggregation reduce risks to personal and sensitive information. Security by design—embedding security measures at every stage of an AI system’s lifecycle—is a cornerstone of this principle. This includes deploying fallback mechanisms, secure software protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and address potential threats. These measures not only protect AI systems but also foster trust among users and stakeholders by ensuring their safe and ethical operation. Challenges to achieving AI security include the increasing complexity of AI models, the sophistication of cyber threats, and the need to balance security with transparency and usability. As AI technologies often operate across borders, international cooperation is essential to establish and enforce global security standards. Collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, and civil society can create unified frameworks to address cross-border threats and ensure the ethical deployment of secure AI systems. Ultimately, the principle of security safeguards individual and organizational assets while upholding broader societal trust in AI. By prioritizing security in design, deployment, and governance, developers and policymakers can ensure AI technologies serve humanity responsibly and reliably. For Further Reading Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1, January 15, 2020.

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and social services;

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) #

G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 16, 1966)

Article 12

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for:

(a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child;

(b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;

(c) The prevention, treatment and Control

Fjeld, Achten, Hilligoss, Nagy, Srikumar write, “Control over the use of data” as a principle stands for the notion that data subjects should have some degree of influence over how and why information about them is used. Certain other principles under the privacy theme, including “consent,” “ability to restrict processing,” “right to rectification,” and “right to erasure” can be thought of as more specific instantiations of the control principle since they are mechanisms by which a data subject might exert control. Perhaps because this principle functions as a higher-level articulation, many of the documents we coded under it are light in the way of definitions for “control.” Citation Fjeld, Jessica, Nele Achten, Hannah Hilligoss, Adam Nagy, and Madhulika Srikumar. “Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI.” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Research Publication No. 2020-1. January 15, 2020.  

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of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases;

(d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) #

G.A. Res. 34/180, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, U.N. Doc. A/RES/34/180 (Dec. 18, 1979)

Article 12

1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of health care in order to ensure, on a basis of Equality

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of men and women, access to health care services, including those related to family planning.

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph I of this article, States Parties shall ensure to women appropriate services in connection with pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal period, granting free services where necessary, as well as adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990) #

G.A. Res. 45/158, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, U.N. Doc. A/RES/45/158 (Dec. 18, 1990)

Article 28

Migrant workers and members of their families shall have the right to receive any medical care that is urgently required for the preservation of their life or the avoidance of irreparable harm to their health on the basis of Equality

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of treatment with nationals of the State concerned. Such emergency medical care shall not be refused them by reason of any irregularity with regard to stay or employment.